Background. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a chronic condition characterized by repetitive collapse of the upper airway during sleep leading to intermittent hypoxia, excessive arousals and disrupt of sleep homeostasis. OSA is associated with obesity as well as pathological dynamics of cerebral beta-amyloid and dementia.
The aim. Comparative assessment of the plasma beta-amyloid 42 levels in adolescents, depending on the presence or absence of OSA and obesity.
Materials and methods. Seventy-four obese and non-obese male adolescents were included in the study. All participants underwent polysomnography to verify OSA and measure sleep parameters, and venipuncture for the assessment of betaamyloid 42 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
Results. After polysomnography all adolescents have been divided into four study groups: OSA obese (group 1; n = 28); non-OSA obese (group 2; n = 20); OSA non-obese (group 3; n = 11), and non-OSA non-obese (group 4 – control; n = 15). OSA obese adolescents had significant elevations in beta-amyloid 42 plasma levels compared with participants from three other groups (р = 0.007, p = 0.047 and p = 0.0002, correspondingly). Compared to both OSA non-obese adolescents and the control group, non-OSA obese patients had similar beta-amyloid 42 blood concentrations (p = 0.167 and p = 0.155, correspondingly). However, patients from the group 3 showed significantly higher beta-amyloid 42 plasma levels than controls (p = 0.004).
Conclusions. Thus, OSA, accompanied by intermittent nocturnal hypoxia, and particularly OSA and obesity comorbidity, in adolescents is associated with increased beta-amyloid 42 circulating concentrations, which has a major role in pathogenesis of dementia. Beta-amyloid 42 plasma level may be recommended for use as early biomarker of cognitive impairment and neurodegenerative diseases, but future researches are needed.

Background. Multiple pregnancy is a well-established risk factor for preterm birth. Prevention of early termination of pregnancy is a priority problem in obstetric practice.
The aim. To evaluate the role of an obstetric pessary and micronized progesterone in the prevention of early preterm labor in patients with multiple pregnancies.
Materials and methods. A prospective controlled study was conducted with the inclusion of 146 pregnant women with multiple pregnancies, which, depending on the methods of treatment, were divided into three groups: Group I (n = 67) – pregnant women who received micronized progesterone in combination with an obstetric pessary; Group II (n = 57) included women who received micronized progesterone; Group III (n = 22) consisted of patients with multiple pregnancies without therapy.
Results. In Group I, the complex of an obstetric pessary and micronized progesterone allowed to reduce the frequency of preterm birth by 2.3 times (p = 0.008) in comparison with Group III, the frequency of births at gestational age ≤ 34 weeks – by 8.1 times (p = 0.005) in compared with Group III and 2.7 times (p < 0.01) compared with Group II. In 70.4 % of pregnant women, the use of a complex of an obstetric pessary with micronized progesterone made it possible to prevent the formation of isthmiccervical insufficiency, which, according to sonography, was expressed in the dynamics of the utero-cervical angle towards a more obtuse one.
Conclusion. The use of an obstetric pessary with micronized progesterone made it possible to reduce the risks of isthmic-cervical insufficiency by 7.7 % compared with patients who received only micronized progesterone therapy, and by 17.1 % compared with pregnant women who did not receive therapy.

The adaptive ability of reindeer to the harsh conditions of the Russian Arctic is not determined solely by the genome of the macroorganism and, of course, includes an extensive genetic and metabolic repertoire of the microbiome.
The aim. To compare the taxonomic and predicted metabolic profiles of the rumen microbiome of adult reindeer living in the natural pastures of the Yamalo-Nenets and Nenets Autonomous districts of the Russian Federation.
Materials and methods. Expeditions to the Yamal-Nenets and Nenets Autonomous districts of the Russian Arctic in 2017 were carried out to take samples of the rumen. The contents of the rumen were taken from clinically healthy reindeer individuals (at least 3 times repetition). To analyze the animal scar microbiota and determine metabolic profiles, 16S rRNA NGS sequencing was performed on a MiSeq device (Illumina, USA). Bioinformatic data analysis was performed using QIIME2 software ver. 2020.8. The noise sequences were filtered by DADA2. Silva 138 reference database was used for taxonomy analysis. Reconstruction and prediction of the functional content of the metagenome was carried out using the software complex PICRUSt2 (v. 2.3.0).
Results. During NGS sequencing, a total of 223 768 sequences of the 16S rRNA gene of the reindeer scarring microbiome were studied. Significant (p ≤ 0.05) differences between the groups in 10 bacterial phyla and superphyla were revealed: Actinobacteriota, Spirochaetes, Chloroflexi, Verrucomicrobia, Bdellovibrionota, Synergistetes, Fusobacteriota, Myxococcota, Cyanobacteria, Campilobacterota. The results of the reconstruction and prediction of the functional content of the metagenome using the PICRUSt2 bioinformatic analysis made it possible to identify 328 potential metabolic pathways. Differences between the groups were revealed in 16 predicted metabolic pathways, among which the pathways of chlorophyllide and amino acid biosynthesis dominated.

Background. Microorganisms have significant plasticity, therefore, the effectiveness of the use of disinfectants is due to the conditions of their use. This is because microorganisms, depending on their habitat, may have different resistance to the same active substance.
The aim. To study the effect of Anavidin-Complit on the growth and biofilm formation of Rhodococcus qingshengii VKM Ac-2784D, depending on the carbon source in the cultivation medium.
Materials and methods. R. qingshengii VK MAc-2784D was used in the work, the studies were carried out on a mineral nutrient medium 8E, into which 0.5 % glucose, inositol or naphthalene was added as a carbon source. Anavidin was used at a final concentration of 0.08, 0.04, 0.02, 0.01 and 0.005 %. Growth and biofilm formation were evaluated by standard microbiological methods.
Results. The disinfecting effect of Anavidin-Complit on the growth of the planktonic form of R. qingshengii VKM Ac-2784D depends on the carbon source. If in a starvation cultivation medium, all concentrations of Anavidin-Complit had an adverse effect on bacteria throughout the experiment, then in the presence of glucose, the adverse effect of low concentrations of Anavidin-Complit decreased by the end of the experiment. In the medium with naphthalene, on the contrary, on the first or second day of cultivation, low concentrations of Anavidin-Complit had a stimulating effect. Anavidin-Complit, depending on the concentration, suppressed the formation of a biofilm on all cultivation media. Microscopy of the biofilm in some cases revealed dense rounded formations consisting of several layers of cells.
Conclusion. Thus, in order to increase the effectiveness of disinfectants, a deeper study of the physiological response of microorganisms is necessary, taking into account their living conditions.

The article, from the standpoint of sociological analysis, examines fundamental changes in the structure of society, the distribution of resources that go beyond the framework of constant processes. Global social transformations reflect deeper forms of change at the level of value systems and power structures. The author of the article considers the most noticeable forms of changes at the level of social roles, institutions, status hierarchies, reflecting deep changes. The article deals with the term “transformation” from the standpoint of a deep, fundamental process of structural changes, fundamentally different from the previous one. New changes in the global social reality are taking place under the influence of the coronavirus pandemic, challenges and threats that have penetrated into all spheres of human life. An analysis is made of the “stopping” of the diverse global world, which had been changing so rapidly and it was impossible to imagine that all countries, regardless of the level of development, disagreements, struggle, would be absorbed by only one thing – obscurity, alienation, closeness. Questions are raised, world politics has changed due to the processes that fill its content, but how has it changed at the conceptual level, have modern transformations had a profound impact on the structure and geographical distribution of the population? If the growth of the role of nation-states is claimed, then how has the role of supranational institutions been transformed? What place does urbanization occupy in the processes of demographic changes associated with modern transformations? Is it fair to say that the urbanization of rural space is challenging conventional wisdom about what “rural” really means and what is still “rural” in many non-urban areas in wealthy societies?

Background. In the context of the pandemic, the issue of maintaining and developing health by the younger generation, who create new health-saving practices, has been actualized.
The aim. An analysis of the health saving practices of young people in a large industrial city.
Materials and methods. The method of collecting information was an online survey of young people in Yekaterinburg (n = 120). Also 37 semi-formalized interviews were conducted.
Results. The young generation highly evaluates their health (69 %); 56 % are selftreated. At the same time, 93 % trust the system of medical care, doctors, and prescribed medications. 90 % of respondents during the pandemic paid more attention to personal hygiene. 2/3 try to control stress. 51 % take vitamins. The interviewees try to exclude crowded places. Pandemic transforms perceptions of the body, which prescribes functionality and performance.
Conclusions. The “repertoire” of health-saving practices in the conditions of the pandemic changes. “Method of addition” is represented by actualization of personal hygiene with the use of personal protective equipment, online communications, taking vitamins. “Exclusion method” refers to avoid crowded places. Among the respondents there are roughly equal proportions of young people who support and do not support vaccination, as well as those who are neutral about it. The body is seen as a functional resource that can “work” in the conditions of the “new normality”.

Background. The perception of mortality is consistent with pro-social practices that determine social development. Combining the tools of racial-anthropological and sociocultural approaches makes it possible to identify the universal characteristics and interpretations of mortality in modern society.
Aim of the study: identification of pro-social practices and specific interpretations of mortality through the unity and opposition of the racial-anthropological and socio-cultural aspects of social reproduction.
Methods. A mass survey of the population of the Russian Federation (n = 1200) aged 18 to 65 living in different regions of the Russian Federation (55 % women, 45 % men) was conducted. A content analysis of media and Internet materials was performed to fix estimates of death and mortality in the Russian Federation over the past five years (n = 1456) in publications or informational messages.
Results. The impact of the anthropological and sociocultural aspects was manifested through how and what people think about death, as well as how death exists in a social context. The personal-psychological context of the perception of death and mortality, the memorialization of places of death and the socio-economic and cultural-organizational practices of death determine the personal and social forms of interpretation of mortality. Content analysis of media materials and the Internet revealed a significant increase in the volume and frequency of attention to death and mortality. This is due to the situation with the pandemic, as well as the actualization of the fears of Russians about their well-being and social conditions for accepting and assessing death and mortality.
Conclusion. Prosocial practices, being a personal experience of experiencing and a tool for social inclusion in acceptable norms of behavior, influence sociocultural meanings and anthropological conditions for the perception of mortality.

Background. The increasing role of coagulase-negative staphylococci in the occurrence of staphylococcal infections leads to the need for close attention to them. Special control is required over the sensitivity of bacteria to antibiotics and the spread of methicillin resistance, as a sign of multiple resistance to antibacterial drugs. It is also important to identify the virulence factors of coagulase-negative staphylococci, which determine their behavior in the environment.
The aim. To evaluate the sensitivity of strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci to clinically significant antibiotics daptomycin, vancomycin, linezolid and oxacillin and lantibiotic warnerin.
Methods. Determination of the minimal inhibitory concentrations of antibacterial compounds for clinical coagulase-negative staphylococci by standard methods of serial dilutions and disc diffusion. Identification of the phenomenon of decreased susceptibility of bacteria to vancomycin by population analysis and concentration gradient. Lipid analysis by thin layer chromatography.
Results. High antibacterial activity of vancomycin, daptomycin and linezolid against clinical strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci was shown. The upper limit of the minimum inhibitory concentrations of vancomycin within the sensitive phenotype and the expansion of the ranges of the minimum inhibitory concentrations of daptomycin and warnerin towards an increase in oxacillin-resistant isolates were revealed. The heterogeneous nature of sensitivity to vancomycin of the cultures of the studied strains and the possibility of their rapid enrichment with subpopulations with reduced sensitivity to this antibiotic have been established. The selection of resistance of coagulase-negative staphylococci to vancomycin was accompanied by an increase in the synthesis of lysylphosphatidylglycerol and a decrease in their sensitivity to cationic peptide compounds.
Conclusion. The revealed prevalence of the methicillin-resistant phenotype of clinical strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci, along with the presence in the lipid spectrum of the universal factor of resistance to cationic antibacterial compounds, lysylphosphatidylglycerol, entails the need for new methodological solutions for diagnosing infections caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci.

Introduction. In July 2021, a mass mortality of seabirds of unclear etiology occurred on the coast of the Sea of Japan in the Khasansky district of Primorsky Krai. According to the Department for Protection of Wildlife and Specially Protected Natural Territories of Primorsky Krai, over a thousand dead birds were found on the coast. The main case occurred in the population of birds Rhinoceros auklets (Cerorhinca monocerata, Alcidae), also among the dead birds were found several dozens of gulls (Larus spp.) and terns (Sterna spp.), single individuals of other species. The peak of mortality in bird populations occurred on July 13–17, 2021. This territory is a recreational area, in the summer months a large number of people rest there. The current situation has caused increased attention of the entire scientific community, as well as organizations that protect the citizens health and the environment.
The aim. To establish possible etiology of the epizootic outbreak and describe the cause of birds’ death.
Materials and methods. Comprehensive examination using classical methods of virology, microbiology and toxicology, as well as the most modern research methods such as MALDI TOF-mass spectrometry and NGS.
Conclusion. As a result of the studies, it was determined that the cause of birds’ death was infectious peritonitis with endogenous intoxication syndrome induced by a complex of pathogenic microorganisms, such as enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus pennery, Enterococcus faecalis and Wickerhamomyces anomalus, related to Candida pelliculosa.

Acute viral bronchiolitis is one of the common causes of hospitalization and mortality, especially among children in the first year of life who have risk factors (prematurity, congenital heart defects, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, immunosuppression). As factors associated with the severe course of bronchiolitis, along with the traditional ones, single nucleotide polymorphisms of the genes of the immune response molecules can be considered.
The aim. Based on the analysis of clinical, laboratory and molecular genetic parameters, to identify prognostic criteria for the severe course of acute viral bronchiolitis in children.
Materials and methods. The study included 106 children with acute viral bronchiolitis (severe course – 34, mild course – 72), the etiology of which in 67.9 % was respiratory syncytial virus. Forty-seven anamnestic, clinical, traditional laboratory and molecular genetic parameters were assessed as prognostic criteria. Determination of SNP genes of cytokines IL-4 (C-589T), IL-10 (G-1082A), IL-10 (C-592A), IL-10 (C-819T), TNF-α (G-308A), IL-17A (G197A), IL-17F (His161Arg), TLR2-753ArgGln, TLR6-Ser249Pro in venous blood was carried out by the polymerase chain reaction method.
Results. An additional criterion for the risk of developing a severe course of bronchiolitis can be the mutant genotype (AA) SNP of the IL-10 gene (C-592A), which was detected exclusively in the group of patients with severe bronchiolitis, increasing the risk of developing a severe disease by 16.11 times (OR = 16.11; 95 % CI: 0.81–121.22, p = 0.02) in conjunction with already established modifying factors: the presence of congenital heart disease, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, prematurity, birth weight < 1500 g. Based on a comprehensive assessment of the established risk factors, a method has been developed that allows calculate the likelihood of developing a severe course of acute viral bronchiolitis.
Conclusion. The use of the developed prediction method will not only increase the likelihood of developing severe acute viral bronchiolitis in children, but also determine the priority group among children with predictors of severe viral bronchiolitis for priority immunoprophylaxis against RS-virus infection.

Introduction. An urgent direction is the search for means that increase the effectiveness of the Y. pestis EV NIIEG vaccine and reduce the side pathological manifestations caused by it. Organoselenium compounds have immunotropic properties and increase the antioxidant potential of the body, as well as have an antidystrophic effect and an antiallergic effect. Materials of the study of the immunomodulating effect of the experimental selenium-containing compound 2,6-dipyridinium-9-selenabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane dibromide (974zh) on the macroorganism of laboratory animals are presented.
The aim. To evaluate the effect of the organoselenium compound 974zh on the structural rearrangement of the organs of experimental animals in the dynamics of the vaccine process caused by Y. pestis EV.
Methods. The study was carried out on 70 certified outbred white mice. Histological material (thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, adrenal glands, liver) was embedded in paraffin, semi-thin sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, thionin, and by the Brachet method. The severity of pathological changes in the liver and adrenal glands, proliferation of plasma cells and structural changes in immunocompetent organs (thymus, lymph nodes and spleen) were assessed. Microphotography and quantitative analysis were performed using MoticImagesPlus 2.0. Statistical processing was carried out using the computer program Statistica.
Results. It has been established that the combined administration of 974zh and Y. pestis EV leads to morphological and functional restructuring of immunocompetent organs, enhances the proliferation of plasma cells in the spleen and lymph nodes, and eliminates negative changes in the liver and adrenal glands.
Conclusion. Thus, the 974zh preparation enhances the immunogenic effect of the Y. pestis EV vaccine strain, increasing the T- and B-dependent zones of the spleen and lymph nodes, increasing the proliferation of plasma cells, and also significantly reduces pathological changes in the liver and adrenal glands.

Cardiotoxicity is a side effect of anthracycline-based chemotherapy. Clinical and prognostic significance of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in heart failure patients is undeniable.
The aim. To assess dynamic changes in the left ventricular diastolic function after anthracycline-based chemotherapy (ANT) in breast cancer patients.
Material and methods. The study included 40 women aged 35 to 72 years with breast cancer (BC) undergoing ANT chemotherapy. The main group (n = 40) consisted of women with breast cancer examined at admission, after 6 months the same women (n = 37) were examined again. Women without breast cancer (n = 25) were used as the control group.
Results. Dynamic changes in mitral annular velocities were revealed by Doppler tissue imaging. Lateral early diastolic mitral annular velocity (e’ lateral) was significantly lower in breast cancer patients as compared to the control group (p = 0.031). Six months after ANT chemotherapy, there was a definite increase in the lateral late diastolic mitral annular velocity (a’ lateral) (p = 0.033). Average early diastolic transmitral flow velocity to early diastolic velocity (E/e’ lateral) ratio was within the normative values in all groups, but E/e’ lateral in the main group was higher compared to the control group (p = 0.003). In the main group, septal early diastolic mitral annular velocity (e’ septal) was lower compared to the control group (p = 0.0005). Moreover, an increase in the septal mitral annular velocity (a’ septal) (p = 0.01) and higher E/e’ septal ratio (p = 0.011) were revealed during dynamic observation. Multiple logistic regression disclosed that E/A, e’ lateral, e’/a’ lateral, and E/e’ lateral were affected by heart rate, psychological status, age, hypertension, and body mass index, but not anthracycline chemotherapy. The total dose of anthracycline was independently associated with e’ septal and E/e’ septal: F(4.18) = 16.466 (p < 0.001; R² = 0.775) and F(3.16) = 7.271 (p = 0.004; R² = 0.627).
Conclusion. Left ventricular diastolic function worsens in women undergoing anthracycline-based chemotherapy for breast cancer (lower e’, e’/a’ lateral, and e’ septal, higher E/e’ septal ratio). However, anthracycline does not significantly affect LVEF and LV deformation indicators. E/e’ septalande’ septal are independently associated with the total dose of anthracycline.

Introduction. Compounds based on fused imidazole derivatives can become the basis for the development of a new generation of clinical therapeutic agents for more effective treatment of resistant human bacterial infections. This requires research, including the design, synthesis, and screening of biologically active compounds of this group.
The aim. To study the effect of polyfunctional benzimidazole derivatives on the survival of Escherichia coli AB1157 culture and its ability to form biofilms.
Methods. The antibacterial activity of the studied compounds was evaluated using the serial dilution method. Modeling of the formation of biofilms was carried out in the wells of an immunological plate with subsequent staining of the biomass with crystal violet.
Results. The inhibitory activity of some of the studied compounds on the formation of biofilms by the Gram-negative bacterium E. coli AB1157 was demonstrated. The most pronounced inhibitory effect on E. coli AB1157 biofilms was exerted by 5-bromo-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1-H-benzimidazole. The level of biofilm formation decreased by 2–4 times in the area of concentrations of 15–60 µg/ml and by 8–10 times at concentrations of 125 µg/ml and above.
Conclusion. The presented work expands the knowledge about the biological activity of benzimidazoles. The obtained results show that benzimidazole derivatives are good candidates for the development of new drugs against biofilms. The data obtained are of practical interest and need further study.

An important problem of our time is the resistance of bacteria to antimicrobial drugs. Surface water bodies accumulate all kinds of antibiotic-resistant bacteria found in the catchment area.
The aim. To compare the antibiotic resistance of enterobacteria isolated from freshwater ecosystems of the Murmansk and Ryazan regions.
Methods. Isolation was performed by the disk-diffusion method. For species identification, the “Rapid-entero 200 M” test system was used. Sensitivity was determined to 19 antibacterial drugs by the disk diffusion method in accordance with the requirements of MUK 4.2.1980-04 and Clinical guidelines (2014). Data interpretation was carried out using EUCAST v. 7.0 (2017) criteria and the WHONET software package.
Results. In 2016, 771 isolates of enterobacteria were isolated from the water bodies of the Ryazan region, 323 isolates from the Murmansk region. The results showed that enterobacteria were found in all surveyed surface water bodies. Citrobacter (36 %), Escherichia coli (21 %) and Providencia (21 %) dominated in the Ryazan region, while Citrobacter (35 %) and Enterobacter (21 %) dominated in the Murmansk region. Enterobacteria resistant to one or more antimicrobials dominate in both regions. The phenotype of multiple drug resistance (MDR) was found in 82.62 % of isolates in Ryazan and 95.98 % in Murmansk regions. The extreme resistance phenotype (XDR) was more common among enterobacteria isolated from water bodies of the Ryazan region. In both districts, there was a fairly high level of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. In both regions, the quinolones were the most effective group for inhibiting the growth of enterobacteria.
Conclusion. The results of the study show that the spread of antibiotic-resistant isolates of enterobacteria in freshwater ecosystems occurs everywhere, but in northern waters this process is slower.

Background. Indole and polyamines are involved in the regulation of physiological processes in bacteria associated with adaptation to stress, biofilm formation, antibiotic tolerance, and bacterial persistence. However, the molecular targets and mechanisms of action of these metabolites are still poorly understood. In this work, we studied the effect of polyamines and indole on the expression of such genes as: rpoS, relA, and spoT, encoding regulators of the general stress responses and starvation; hns and stpA, encoding global regulators of gene expression; rmf, yqjD, hpf, raiA, rsfS, sra, ettA, encoding ribosome hibernation factors.
The aim. To study the regulatory effects of polyamines and indole on the expression of these genes, which are responsible for the adaptation of Escherichia coli to stress.
Materials and methods. We used strains of E. coli in this study. The amount of polyamines was studied by thin layer chromatography. The indole concentration was determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Gene expression was studied using real-time RT-PCR.
Results. The addition of polyamines putrescine, cadaverine and spermidine to the medium stimulated the expression of all the studied genes. The maximal stimulation was observed at the stationary phase mostly. Putrescine and spermidine had the most significant effect. At 24 h of cultivation, an equimolar conversion of exogenous tryptophan into indole was showed. At this time, the expression of two genes – rmf and raiA – increased.
Conclusions. We have shown that polyamines upregulate the expression of all the studied genes at the transcriptional level. The stimulating effect is specific for the phase of the batch culture and the type of polyamine. Indole has a positive effect on the expression of the rmf and raiA genes.

 Signaling molecules such as indole (product of tryptophan catabolism) and (p)ppGpp (stringent response regulator) are involved in regulation of physiological processes in bacterial cells aimed to adapt to antibiotics and stresses. However, question of existence of relationship between the stringent response and indole signaling requires more detailed investigation.
The aim. To study effect of stringent response regulator (p)ppGpp on indole production in Escherichia coli depending on glucose content.
Materials and methods. In this work, we studied the dynamics of indole accumulation in batch cultures of parent E. coli BW25141 ((p)ppGpp+ strain) and deletion mutant BW25141∆relA∆spoT ((p)ppGpp0 strain) in glucose-mineral tryptophan-free M9 medium, as well as with 2 mM tryptophan addition. In order to study effect of starvation stress on bacterial cell ability to synthesize indole, we used a model of growth limitation by carbon substrate at two glucose concentrations, 0.1 % and 0.4 %.
Results. We have shown here that (p)ppGpp absence in E. coli cells reduces their ability to produce indole in the tryptophan-free medium and significantly slows down the rate of its accumulation in the tryptophan-containing one. Low glucose concentration (0.1 %) leads to decrease in indole production by (p)ppGpp+ cells in the tryptophan-free medium. The presence of indole synthesis precursor, tryptophan, in growth medium, on the contrary, increases the production of indole at lower glucose concentration in both (p)ppGpp+ and (p)ppGpp0 strains demonstrating direct dependence of delay time for onset of indole formation on glucose content, which is more pronounced in the culture of deletion mutant unable of synthesizing (p) ppGpp. The data obtained can be interpreted as result of complex regulatory effect of catabolic repression and the stringent response caused by alarmone (p)ppGpp action on expression level of tnaCAB operon responsible for indole biosynthesis.

Background. An urgent task of age-related physiology is to study the functional state of the body of school-age children in cognitive activity due to the large academic load and the use of information and computer technologies in the educational process to identify the characteristics of the reactivity of the body of students when performing cognitive load of various types, including on electronic devices, is necessary for the organization of the school educational environment.
The aim. To assess the nature of vegetative, cardiovascular and hormonal reactivity in cognitive load of various types in school-age children.
Materials and methods. By methods of heart rate variability analysis, electrocardiography, tonometry and enzyme immunoassay of cortisol in saliva, 117 school-age children were examined while performing cognitive load of various types.
Results. There is a change in heart rate variability indicators while performing cognitive load. Oral counting causes an increase in sympathetic influences on the heart rate with a decrease in parasympathetic activity, as well as a shift in the vagosympathetic balance. Operation on the electronic devices causes a decrease in the total power density of the spectrum and an increase in the index of low-frequency and highfrequency vibrations ratio due to a decrease in parasympathetic activity. Two types of reaction were revealed: type I – an increase in the concentration of cortisol in saliva, an increase in sympathetic effects on Heart rate with a simultaneous decrease in parasympathetic activity (counting), a decrease in the total power of the spectrum density (laptop), a decrease in parasympathetic activity (tablet). Type II – a decrease in hormone levels and a decrease in very low-frequency vibrations and parasympathetic activity, regardless of the type of load presented
Conclusion. The results obtained indicate that the nature of the reactivity of heart rate indicators and the stress hormone cortisol in students depends not so much on which electronic device it is performed on, but on the type of cognitive load.

Background. Feed-borne T-2 toxin may inhibit innate immune system function in birds.
The aim. To evaluate the effect of T-2 toxin, artificially introduced with feed, on the expression level of a number of immunity-related genes in the tissues of the broiler digestive system.
Materials and methods. The experiments were carried out in the vivarium of the FSC “VNITIP” RAS broilers of the Smena 8 cross from 33 to 47-day old. Experimental contamination of feed T-2 toxin was performed. The birds were divided into 4 groups of 5 animals each: I – control, receiving a diet without the introduction of T-2 toxin, II experimental – receiving a diet with the addition of T-2 toxin, III experimental – receiving a diet with the addition of T-2 toxin and the sorbent Zaslon2+, IV experimental – receiving a diet with the addition of T-2 toxin, the same sorbent Zaslon2+and Axtra Pro enzyme. The level of mRNA expression was analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription PCR.
Results. The data obtained indicated the impact of T-2 toxin contamination of broiler feed on the modulation of the level of expression of genes associated with the functioning of the immune system in the cecum and pancreas. Exposure to T-2 toxin (group II) led to an increase in the expression of the pro-inflammatory gene IL-6 in the tissues of the caecum by 10.8 times and IL-8 in the pancreas by 3.89 times (p ≤ 0.05) compared with control group I. The effect of the sorbent, as well as the complex, including the sorbent and the enzyme, on the expression of broiler genes was positive. The sorbent without the enzyme showed greater efficiency than with the additional introduction of the enzyme.

Background. The standard neurological assessment in patients with long-term consequences of spine-and-spinal cord injury and severe neurological deficit does not allow to accurately identify changes in sensitivity that determine the level, degree and nature of spinal cord injury, as well as to evaluate the minimal dynamics of these disorders with different treatment options. As a result, an objective instrumental assessment of the sensory sphere in the long-term period of spinal cord injury has not lost its relevance.
The aim. To conduct an instrumental study of the temperature-pain sensitivity condition in patients with partial gross damage to the cervical spinal cord in the long-term period of the disease (type B on the ASIA scale).
Methods. We examined 23 patients with consequences of vertebral fractures of the cervical spine in the late period of traumatic spinal cord disease, Grade B on the ASIA scale ASIA. The clinical analysis of sensitive disorders was performed according to ISNCSCI and ASIA scales. While studying the temperature-pain sensitivity the threshold of thermal sensitivity and the threshold of pain from hot were determined in С_IV–S_I dermatomes on the right and on the left using an electric
esthesiometer.
Results. The examined patients had hypesthesia of heat and pain sensitivity, hyperesthesia of pain sensitivity, thermoanesthesia and thermoanalgesia. The degree of changes in the temperature-pain sensitivity depended on the topographic localization of dermatomes. The more distally the study area was located from the level of damage, the more pronounced the disorders were. In 30.4 % of patients, the pain sensitivity from hot in the chain of dermatomes from C_IV to S_I was preserved on at least one side. The combination of thermoanesthesia with thermoanalgesia was observed in 69.6 % of cases in dermatomes with Th_VII and distally.
Conclusions. The instrumentally registered level of the temperature-pain sensitivity disorder did not correspond to clinically determined localization of sensory disorders. The range of discrepancy ranged from 2 to 12 dermatomes, with defining the sensitivity subclinical deficit over the area of clinical sensory disorders.

Choroidal metastasis in 23–30 % of cases have multifocal growth. In 10–20 % of patients do not have subjective complaints, due to eccentrical localization of choroidal metastases. In these cases, they are detected by chance during examination. In the literature there is no information on the possibility of early diagnosis of “small” foci of metastatic lesions of the choroid using optical coherence tomography (OCT).
The aim. To identify diagnostic signs of “small” choroidal metastases.
Materials and methods. The study included 4 patients in whom “small” metastases (15 foci) were not visualized by ultrasound.
Results. Choroidal metastases, which were not detected by ultrasound, mainly characterized by a multifocal growth pattern, and located mainly outside the central regions of the fundus. The OCT picture in these cases was characterized by the expansion of the choroidal complex up to 1300 μm with an asymmetric shape of the slopes, irregularities of its anterior surface with a moderate hyporeflective structure. At the same time, Bruch’s membrane was preserved, but a violation of the architectonics of the choriocapillary layer is characteristic with a flat profile of the anterior surface of the sclera. Secondary changes in the proper retina are represented by thickening of the retinal pigment epithelium, edema of the photoreceptor layer and of the nuclear layers, while neuroepithelium detachment (NED) appears mainly when the focus is more than 400 μm thick. Initially, choroidal metastasis can be detected by the fundus examination in MultiColor and OCT, as changes appear in the retina – edema of the photoreceptor layer with hyperreflective inclusions and NED, changes appear in the blue-peak autofluorescence (BAF) – hyperBAF with point hypoBAF inclusions, which leads to a change fundus pictures in MultiColor mode.
Conclusion. For all patients with a burdened oncological history, even in the absence of visual complaints, in addition to an examination of the fundus of both eyes, it is necessary to provide an examination of the fundus in MultiColor and short-wave autofluorescence modes, followed by OCT in the zones of changes.

The article is devoted to the problem of studying the experience of women going through the situation of divorce at different stages of the divorce and post-divorce period.
Methods. The study was carried out at the intersection of idiographic and nomothetic approaches. At the first stage, the specifics of the experience of experiencing divorce in the online space are described, revealed through an interpretive-phenomenological analysis of the content of a closed Internet forum (n = 297). On the second – the specifics of emotional perception, cognitive assessment and coping with the situation of divorce, depending on the post-divorce experience (n = 50).
Results. The experience of divorce by women is accompanied by ambivalent emotions, activates the understanding of the situation and coping with it. Online communication is an effective strategy focused on getting support, self-change, designing the future, allowing you to experience a sense of community in a life situation while maintaining psychological safety. The assessment of the divorce situation and coping strategies are specific: women who have gone through a divorce less than 3 years ago are more likely to seek social support; from 3 to 10 years – prefer the strategy of “flight-avoidance”; more than 10 years ago – “positive revaluation”.
Conclusion. The experience of women experiencing the situation of divorce, including emotional, cognitive and conative components, is specific depending on the stage of the divorce and post-divorce period. An effective mechanism for shaping the experience of experiencing a divorce is network communication in a closed group of people who have similar problems.

With a significant prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the question of its impact on the identity of women, the specifics of such identity, as well as its dynamics remain debatable.
The aim. To study the features of identity dynamics in women with PCOS and the socio-demographic factors that determine these features.
Research methods. A retrospective cohort study was conducted using the SEI-test methods and the Russian language versions of the Life Line, Twenty Statements Test methods on a sample of 110 women of reproductive age (58 women with PCOS, 52 women without PCOS; two surveys during the year).
Results. Had been shown that women diagnosed with PCOS show fewer signs of an identity crisis than women without such diagnosis, but their identity is more variable. Such women are less likely to characterize themselves with the help of concepts related to gender and family spheres in favor of personality traits. An analysis of the influence of socio-demographic factors showed that their identity determines a greater number of external factors than in women without PCOS. The ego-identity of such women depends on marital status and place of residence.
Conclusion. The identity of women diagnosed with PCOS is more variable, but shows fewer signs of a crisis. It seems necessary to take into account the presence or absence of children when planning further research. The results obtained can be used in the consultation of women with PCOS.

Foundation. Chronic plantar fasciopathic pain syndrome is a pathology that significantly affects the quality of life of patients of all age categories. Insufficient knowledge of the etiological and pathogenetic factors in the development of fasciopathies explains the multiplicity, and sometimes inconsistency, of conservative and surgical treatment regimens. The choice of the optimal variant of therapeutic or surgical intervention may be associated with experimental modeling of fasciopathies and the study of the dynamics of the pathological process.
The aim. To study the morphological changes in structures identical to the human plantar aponeurosis in experimental modeling of fasciopathy in animals.
Research methods. The material for the study was fragments of the tendonaponeurotic complex of the foot of laboratory animals (control group: animals with the introduction of physiological sodium chloride solution (n = 12); main group: animals with the introduction of alprostadil (n = 12)). The methods of light microscopy (staining with alcian and toluidine blue, according to Van Gieson, Weigert – Van Gieson and Picro-Mallory) and morphometry were used.
Results and discussion. As a result of the study, it was found that the four-fold administration of alprostadil had a significant effect on the structure of the dense fibrous connective tissue of the plantar foot of laboratory animals. The mechanisms of damage (edema, microhemorrhages, infiltration by lymphocytes, plasmocytes and leukocytes, dystrophy by the type of mucoid and fibrinoid swelling, delamination and rupture of collagen fibers), adaptation and regeneration (the appearance of a large number of activated fibrocytes, fibroblasts, microvessels, neoplasm of collagen fibers) were activated. All this together led to spatial focal histotopographic changes, consisting in an increase in the cellular composition of connective tissue structures against the background of a noticeable violation of their spatial orientation.
Conclusion. Modeling of fasciopathy using alprostadil was accompanied by the appearance of mosaic reversible and irreversible heteromorphic and heterochronous changes in all connective tissue aponeurotic structures. Such histotopographic changes should be considered as one of the reasons for the clinical manifestations of plantar fasciopathies, causing functional insufficiency and explaining the clinical recurrent nature of the pathological process.

Background. To date acute cholecystitis remains one of the most common urgent abdominal diseases in which postoperative complications and mortality are possible.
The aim. To assess the correlation of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase and alkaline phosphatase concentrations in blood plasma with the form of acute cholecystitis.
Methods. A study of 105 patients with acute calculous cholecystitis, 35 – with chronic calculous cholecystitis (comparison group), who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy, was performed. At admission to the hospital, the activity of gammaglutamyltranspeptidase (GGTP) and alkaline phosphatase in blood plasma was determined by kinetic colorimetric method.
Results. A direct correlation was revealed between the level of GGTP concentration and the severity of destruction in the gallbladder wall. With catarrhal cholecystitis, it was 340 ± 116.9 U/l (p < 0.05), with phlegmonous – 108.1 ± 29.5 U/l (p < 0.05), with gangrenous – 32.9 ± 7.5 U/l (p < 0.05). Along with this, a direct correlation was revealed between the concentration of alkaline phosphatase and the severity of destruction in the gallbladder wall. In catarrhal cholecystitis, the enzyme activity was 160.3 ± 34.2 U/l (p < 0.05), in phlegmonous – 129.9 ± 14.6 U/l (p < 0.05), in gangrenous – 57 ± 18.5 U/l (p < 0.05).
Conclusion. Determination of the concentration of GGTP and alkaline phosphatase in combination with other diagnostic criteria makes it possible to determine the presence of destructive forms of acute cholecystitis with high specificity and sensitivity before surgery.

The goal of investigation was the development of oral therapeutic vaccine against cancer on basis of antigenic regulatory protein HPV16 E2 encoded by the “early” hpv16 E2 gene.
The aim. To study tumour growths in mice lungs inoculated with cancer HeLa cells and then vaccinated with vaccine material of transgenic tomato with the gene/protein HPV16 E2, and to study the activation of the immunogenesis of T-lymphocytes in mice after oral vaccination with HPV16 E2.
Materials and methods. Proliferating cancer HeLa cells, mice peripheric blood mononuclear cells, splenocytes, intact and isolated lungs of mice were used in the study. Elispot was used for the evaluation of increasing of immunogenicity.
Results. “Early” proteins HPV16 E6 or HPV16 E7 did not reveal any effect on HeLa cells. The regulatory antigenic “early” protein HPV16 E2 drastically degraded HeLa cells recorded by trypane blue. Four types of tumours were found in mice lung lobes placed in the suspension of cancer HeLa cells for 2–5 days: 1 – peripheral round tumours on epithelium, 2 – central tumours in the area of tracheal carina, 3 – pneumonialike peripheral cancer on lung lobes which was very similar to small-round-cell lung sarcoma with hyperchromic nuclei and 4 – Pancoast-like cancer in apical parts of lung lobe. Patterns of normal developed lung tissues were viewed on slices of lungs infected with HeLa in the presence of E2 simultaneously. The very high contents of γ‑interferon, CD4/CD8 T lymphocytes, T cell receptor and apoptotic enzymes: granzyme B, perforin and granulysine – were detected in blood and splenocytes of mice vaccinated with HPV16 E2.
Conclusion. The study is promising for the development of an oral therapeutic vaccine based on a plant expression system (tomatoes) with the HPV16 E2 antigenic protein against lung cancer, cervical cancer and other types of cancer.

Background. Recently, in the Russian Federation, there has been a tendency to an increase in the number of registered cases of dirofilariasis among residents living in a temperate climate zone, including in Western Siberia. The species Dirofilaria repens and Dirofilaria immitis are of clinical importance for humans. Dirofilariae are characterized by migration into the subcutaneous tissue, mucous membranes, organs of vision, internal organs. In the Omsk region, there is an increase in cases of dirofilariasis, including among children.
The aim. To assess endemicity of the territory of the Omsk region in relation to pathogens of dirofilariasis.
Materials and methods. The maps of the epidemiological survey of persons infected with dirofilariae for the period 2013–2020 were analyzed, parasitological and molecular biological methods examined 1155 blood samples of dogs, 2488 samples female blood-sucking mosquitoes, 26 samples of dirofilaria helminths removed from residents of the Omsk region.
Results. In 18 people, the infection was regarded as local, since the infected persons had not left the Omsk region for the previous three years. Local infections are reported annually. Infection of the final owners – dogs – with dirofilaria ranges from 0.6 to 4.8 % in different years. On average, the extensiveness of the invasion was 3.0 ± 0.6 %; and the intensity of microfilaremia was 1277.68 ± 395.87 specimens/ml of blood. On the territory of Omsk and the Omsk region, 11 species of mosquitoes belonging to the genus Aedes, Ochlerotatus, Culex, Anopheles, Coquillettidia were identified. The estimated individual infection of mosquitoes of different species ranged from 0.6 % (O. flavescens) to 9.8 % (An. messeae). The total infection of vectors was 3.4 %. All positive samples were found to contain DNA of D. repens.
Conclusion. The territory of the Omsk region is endemic for pathogens of dirofilariasis, in particular, D. repens. Further studies are needed to study the prevalence and species diversity of pathogens of dirofilariasis in Western Siberia, to identify the most dangerous from an epidemiological point of view, species of vectors.