Metabolomics: history of development, methods, and current trends in practical medicine

The review reflects the current understanding of metabolomic research, which simultaneously identifies and quantifies thousands of metabolites in a single biological sample. The potential of small metabolites is of clinical interest from the standpoint of obtaining an invaluable tool for disease phenotyping and predicting various clinical course options. The achievements of metabolic profiling of blood plasma and moisture of the anterior chamber of the eye in patients with ophthalmological diseases such as cataracts, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration of the retina are presented separately. Significant differences in the metabolic composition of the anterior chamber moisture were revealed. Modern mass spectrometry techniques based on artificial intelligence make it possible to study complex metabolic systems in detail with high accuracy and speed, which previously seemed unattainable. First, it is important to identify the key metabolomes. The next stage is clinical confirmation, during which the connection between biomarkers and the causes of diseases is established. Large-scale studies of healthy people are needed to confirm the diagnostic and prognostic reliability of biomarkers. Standardization of biological material collection, processing, and analysis of results is extremely important to achieve consistency between different studies and requires compliance with the methodology. The final stage is the introduction of the biomarker into clinical practice, the training of medical personnel and the assessment of cost-effectiveness to ensure accessibility and implementation in practice. Together, these approaches play a key role in the identification and measurement of biomarkers in everyday clinical trials, revealing their potential to determine diagnostic accuracy and improve individual patient care. When writing the review, the databases PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and eLibrary.ru, Federal Electronic Medical Library, CyberLeninka Scientific Electronic Library were used with sources for the period 2015–2025. The following keywords were used for the search: metabolome, high performance liquid chromatography, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, ophthalmological diseases.

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