actabiomedicaActa Biomedica ScientificaActa Biomedica Scientifica2541-94202587-9596Scientific Centre for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems10.29413/ABS.2026-11.2.16actabiomedica-6071Research ArticleОФТАЛЬМОЛОГИЯOPHTHALMOLOGYМетаболомика: история развития, методы, современные тенденции использования в практической медицинеMetabolomics: history of development, methods, and current trends in practical medicinehttps://orcid.org/0009-0000-9102-7636ПочтаренкоТ. В.PochtarenkoT. V.

Почтаренко Татьяна Васильевна – соискатель ФГБНУ «НЦ ПЗСРЧ»; ассистент кафедры глазных болезней ФГБОУ ВО «ИГМУ» МЗ РФ.

664003, Иркутск, ул. Тимирязева, 16; 664003, Иркутск, ул. Красного Восстания, 16

Tatyana V. Pochtarenko – degree candidate, Scientific Centre for the Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems.

Timiryazev St., 16, Irkutsk 664003; Krasny Vosstaniya St., 16, Irkutsk 664003

tvpochtarenko@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3255-2013ДаренскаяМ. А.DarenskayaM. A.

Даренская Марина Александровна – доктор биологических наук, профессор РАН, главный научный сотрудник лаборатории патофизиологии.

664003, Иркутск, ул. Тимирязева, 16

Marina A. Darenskaya – Dr. Sc. (Biol.), Professor of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Chief Researcher, Head of the Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Scientific Centre for the Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems.

Timiryazev St., 16, Irkutsk 664003

marina_darenskaya@inbox.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9100-1751ЗайкаВ. А.ZaikaV. A.

Зайка Владимир Александрович – кандидат медицинских наук, соискатель ФГБНУ «НЦ ПЗСРЧ»; врач-офтальмолог, заместитель директора по организационно-методической работе Иркутского филиала ФГАУ «НМИЦ «МНТК «Микрохирургия глаза» им. акад. С.Н. Федорова» Минздрава России.

664003, Иркутск, ул. Тимирязева, 16; 664017, Иркутск, ул. Лермонтова, д. 337

Vladimir A. Zaika – Cand. Sc. (Med.), degree candidate, Scientific Centre for the Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems; ophthalmologist, Deputy Director for Organizational and Methodological Work of the Irkutsk Branch of S.N. Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Federal State Institution, Ministry of health of the Russian Federation.

Timiryazev St., 16, Irkutsk 664003; Lermontov str., 337, Irkutsk 664033

nauka.mntk.irkutsk@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0547-7521ЮрьеваТ. Н.YuryevaT. N.

Юрьева Татьяна Николаевна – доктор медицинских наук, врач-офтальмолог, заместитель директора по научной работе Иркутского филиала ФГАУ «НМИЦ «МНТК «Микрохирургия глаза» им. акад. С.Н. Федорова» Минздрава России; профессор кафедры глазных болезней ФГБОУ ВО «ИГМУ» МЗ РФ; профессор кафедры офтальмологии «ИГМАПО» – филиала ФГБОУ ДПО «РМАНПО» МЗ РФ.

664003, Иркутск, ул. Красного Восстания, 16; 664017, Иркутск, ул. Лермонтова, д. 337; 664059, Иркутск, мкр. Юбилейный, 100/4

Tatyana N. Yuryeva – Dr. Sc. (Med.), ophthalmologist, Deputy Director for Scientific Work of Irkutsk Branch of S.N. Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Federal State Institution, Ministry of health of the Russian Federation; Professor of the Department of Eye Diseases of Irkutsk State Medical University; Professor of the Department of Ophthalmology of the Irkutsk State Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education – branch of the Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation.

Krasny Vosstaniya St., 16, Irkutsk 664003; Lermontov str., 337, Irkutsk 664033; Yubileyny Microdistrict, 100, Irkutsk 664049

nauka.mntk.irkutsk@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2124-6328КолесниковС. И.KolesnikovS. I.

Колесников Сергей Иванович – доктор медицинских наук, профессор, академик РАН, заслуженный деятель науки РФ, главный научный сотрудник.

664003, Иркутск, ул. Тимирязева, 16

Sergey I. Kolesnikov – Dr. Sc. (Med.), Member of the RAS, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, Professor, Chief Researcher, Scientific Centre for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems.

Timiryazev St., 16, Irkutsk 664003

sikolesnikov2012@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6512-1335СеменоваН. В.SemenovaN. V.

Семенова Наталья Викторовна – доктор биологических наук, профессор РАН, главный научный сотрудник лаборатории патофизиологии.

664003, Иркутск, ул. Тимирязева, 16

Natalia V. Semenova – Dr. Sc. (Biol.), Professor of the RAS, Chief Researcher of the Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Scientific Centre for the Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems.

Timiryazev St., 16, Irkutsk 664003

natkor_84@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3354-2992КолесниковаЛ. И.KolesnikovaL. I.

Колесникова Любовь Ильинична – доктор медицинских наук, профессор, академик РАН, заслуженный деятель науки РФ, научный руководитель.

664003, Иркутск, ул. Тимирязева, 16

Lubov I. Kolesnikova – Dr. Sc. (Med.), Member of the RAS, Professor, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, research advisor, Scientific Centre for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems.

Timiryazev St., 16, Irkutsk 664003

kolesnikova20121@mail.ruФГБНУ «Научный центр проблем здоровья семьи и репродукции человека»; ФГБОУ ВО «Иркутский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской ФедерацииScientific Center for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems; Irkutsk State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian FederationФГБНУ «Научный центр проблем здоровья семьи и репродукции человека»Scientific Center for Family Health and Human Reproduction ProblemsФГБНУ «Научный центр проблем здоровья семьи и репродукции человека»; ФГАУ «НМИЦ «Межотраслевой научно-технический комплекс «Микрохирургия глаза» им. акад. С.Н. Федорова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации, Иркутский филиалScientific Center for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems; Irkutsk Branch of S.N. Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Federal State Institution, Ministry of health of the Russian FederationФГБОУ ВО «Иркутский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации; ФГАУ «НМИЦ «Межотраслевой научно-технический комплекс «Микрохирургия глаза» им. акад. С.Н. Федорова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации, Иркутский филиал; «Иркутская государственная медицинская академия последипломного образования» филиал ФГБОУ дополнительного профессионального образования «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Министерства здравоохранения Российской ФедерацииIrkutsk State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation; Irkutsk Branch of S.N. Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Federal State Institution, Ministry of health of the Russian Federation; Irkutsk State Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education – branch of the Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation202627052026112160173Copyright © Почтаренко Т.В., Даренская М.А., Зайка В.А., Юрьева Т.Н., Колесников С.И., Семенова Н.В., Колесникова Л.И., 20262026Почтаренко Т.В., Даренская М.А., Зайка В.А., Юрьева Т.Н., Колесников С.И., Семенова Н.В., Колесникова Л.И.Pochtarenko T.V., Darenskaya M.A., Zaika V.A., Yuryeva T.N., Kolesnikov S.I., Semenova N.V., Kolesnikova L.I.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.actabiomedica.ru/jour/article/view/6071

В обзоре отражены современные представления о метаболомных исследованиях, позволяющих одновременно выявлять и количественно определять тысячи метаболитов в одном биологическом образце. Потенциал малых метаболитов представляет клинический интерес с позиций получения бесценного инструмента фенотипирования заболевания и прогнозирования различных вариантов клинического течения. Отдельно представлены достижения метаболомного профилирования плазмы крови и влаги передней камеры глаза у пациентов с офтальмологическими заболеваниями, такими как катаракта, глаукома, диабетическая ретинопатия и возрастная макулярная дегенерация сетчатки. Выявлены значительные различия в метаболическом составе влаги передней камеры. Современные методики масс-спектрометрии, основанные на искусственном интеллекте, позволяют детально исследовать сложные метаболические системы с высокой точностью и скоростью, что ранее казалось недостижимым. В начале важно определить ключевые метаболомы. Следующий этап — клиническое подтверждение, в ходе которого устанавливается связь между биомаркерами и причинами заболеваний. Для подтверждения диагностической и прогностической надежности биомаркеров необходимы масштабные исследования здоровых людей. Стандартизация сбора биологического материала, обработка, анализ результатов является крайне важным для достижения согласованности между различными исследованиями и требует соблюдения методологии. Завершающим этапом является внедрение биомаркера в клиническую практику, обучение медицинского персонала и оценку экономической эффективности для обеспечения доступности и внедрения в практику. Эти подходы вместе играют ключевую роль в выявлении, измерении биомаркеров в повседневных клинических исследованиях, раскрывая их потенциал для определения точности диагностики и улучшения индивидуального подхода к пациентам. При написании обзора использовались базы данных PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, eLibrary.ru, Федеральная электронная медицинская библиотека, Научная электронная библиотека «КиберЛенинка» с источниками за период 2015–2025 гг. Следующие ключевые слова применялись для поиска: метаболом, высокоэффективная жидкостная хроматография, сахарный диабет, сердечно-сосудистые заболевания, офтальмологические заболевания.

The review reflects the current understanding of metabolomic research, which simultaneously identifies and quantifies thousands of metabolites in a single biological sample. The potential of small metabolites is of clinical interest from the standpoint of obtaining an invaluable tool for disease phenotyping and predicting various clinical course options. The achievements of metabolic profiling of blood plasma and moisture of the anterior chamber of the eye in patients with ophthalmological diseases such as cataracts, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration of the retina are presented separately. Significant differences in the metabolic composition of the anterior chamber moisture were revealed. Modern mass spectrometry techniques based on artificial intelligence make it possible to study complex metabolic systems in detail with high accuracy and speed, which previously seemed unattainable. First, it is important to identify the key metabolomes. The next stage is clinical confirmation, during which the connection between biomarkers and the causes of diseases is established. Large-scale studies of healthy people are needed to confirm the diagnostic and prognostic reliability of biomarkers. Standardization of biological material collection, processing, and analysis of results is extremely important to achieve consistency between different studies and requires compliance with the methodology. The final stage is the introduction of the biomarker into clinical practice, the training of medical personnel and the assessment of cost-effectiveness to ensure accessibility and implementation in practice. Together, these approaches play a key role in the identification and measurement of biomarkers in everyday clinical trials, revealing their potential to determine diagnostic accuracy and improve individual patient care. When writing the review, the databases PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and eLibrary.ru, Federal Electronic Medical Library, CyberLeninka Scientific Electronic Library were used with sources for the period 2015–2025. The following keywords were used for the search: metabolome, high performance liquid chromatography, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, ophthalmological diseases.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.