Cellular senescence and senescence biomarkers: pathophysiological significance, molecular mechanisms, and clinical perspectives

Population aging is accompanied by an increasing incidence of age-related diseases, including oncological, neurodegenerative, and cardiovascular pathologies. One of the key mechanisms underlying these processes is cellular senescence - an irreversible arrest of cell division while maintaining metabolic activity. With age, such cells accumulate, contribute to chronic inflammation, and disrupt tissue homeostasis. In this context, the development of reliable biomarkers of cellular aging is becoming particularly relevant.

The aim. To provide an overview of current data on cellular senescence: consider its concept and significance in pathophysiology, key molecular mechanisms, various types of senescence biomarkers and methods for their detection, as well as the clinical significance of these biomarkers, difficulties and prospects for their application.

Materials and methods. Search and analysis of domestic and international scientific sources were conducted using databases such as PubMed, eLibrary.ru, Scopus, and Google Scholar, as well as open-access resources available covering the period from 2011 to 2025.

Results and discussion. This study presents a comprehensive classification of cellular aging biomarkers, encompassing genetic, epigenetic, protein, endocrine, and metabolic indicators. Genetic markers include telomere shortening, while epigenetic markers involve alterations in DNA methylation and the formation of specific heterochromatin foci. Protein biomarkers are characterized by increased expression of cell cycle inhibitors and pro-inflammatory molecules secreted by senescent cells. Endocrine markers comprise levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, cortisol, and insulin-like growth factor 1. Metabolic markers include elevated β-galactosidase activity, lipofuscin accumulation, and increased concentrations of reactive oxygen species. The clinical relevance of these biomarkers lies in their utility for assessing biological age, stratifying the risk of age-related diseases, and monitoring the efficacy of geroprotective and senolytic interventions.

Conclusion. The necessity of a comprehensive approach to the assessment of cellular aging is substantiated, integrating molecular, metabolic, and functional parameters. The review highlights the prospects for developing a standardized panel of biomarkers (an “aging passport”) for implementation in clinical practice and personalized medicine.

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