Клеточное старение и его биомаркеры: патофизиологическое значение, молекулярные механизмы и клинические перспективы

Старение населения сопровождается ростом частоты возрастных заболеваний, включая онкологические, нейродегенеративные и сердечно-сосудистые патологии. Одним из ключевых механизмов этих процессов является клеточная сенесценция - необратимая остановка Деления клеток при сохранении их метаболической активности. С возрастом такие клетки накапливаются, способствуют хроническому воспалению и нарушению тканевого гомеостаза. В связи с этим особую актуальность приобретает разработка надёжных биомаркеров клеточного старения.

Цель обзора. Представить обзор современных данных о клеточном старении: рассмотреть его понятие и значение в патофизиологии, ключевые молекулярные механизмы, различные типы биомаркеров сенесценции и методы их обнаружения, а также клиническое значение этих биомаркеров, трудности и перспективы их применения.

Материалы и методы. Проведён поиск и анализ отечественных и зарубежных научных источников в базах данных Pubmed, eLibrary.Ru, Scopus, Google scholar, находящихся в свободном доступе с 2011 по 2025 гг.

Результаты и их обсуждение. Представлена классификация биомаркеров клеточного старения, включающая генетические маркеры, такие как укорочение теломер; эпигенетические - изменения в метилировании молекул дезоксирибонуклеиновой кислоты и формирование специфических гетерохроматиновых очагов; белковые - повышение экспрессии ингибиторов клеточного цикла и провоспалительных молекул, секретируемых стареющими клетками; эндокринные - уровень дегидроэпиандростерона сульфата, кортизола и инсулиноподобного фактора роста первого типа; а также метаболические - активность бета-галактозидазы, накопление липофусцина и повышение концентрации активных форм кислорода. Клиническая значимость этих биомаркеров заключается в оценке биологического возраста, стратификации риска возраст-ассоциированных заболеваний и мониторинга эффективности геропротекторных и сенолитических препаратов.

Заключение. Обоснована необходимость комплексного подхода к оценке клеточного старения, сочетающего молекулярные и метаболические показатели. Отмечены перспективы создания стандартизированной панели биомаркеров («паспорта старения») для внедрения в клиническую практику и персонализированную медицину.

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