Dietary patterns and their relationship with main cardiovascular risk factors in coal industry workers

Background. Dietary modifications are one of the most important strategies for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases among the population. Dietary models have become an important tool for analyzing the diet and its relationship with the risk of developing chronic diseases, since poor nutrition is associated with a high prevalence and development of obesity, cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The problem of preserving the health of the able-bodied population as one of the components of socio-economic well-being in market relations is a priority issue of national policies.

The aim. To assess the characteristics and dietary patterns, and their associations with the main cardiovascular risk factors in the coal industry workers.

Materials and methods. The study included 209 male respondents working at Kuzbass coal industry companies. Specialists collected data on cardiovascular risk factors during medical examinations in 2022–2023. The study protocol involved the collection of data on the main factors of cardiovascular risk and previously detected diseases significant from the perspective of cardiovascular risk, measurement of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, body mass index calculation, verification of hypertension and obesity in accordance with generally accepted clinical recommendations, as well as determination of glucose levels and lipid metabolism.

Results. Three dietary patterns were identified in the coal industry workers using factor analysis: protein-carbohydrate (40.7 %); processed (33.0 %); mixed (26.3 %). When studying the prevalence of traditional risk factors of cardiovascular diseases, we found a tendency towards statistically significant differences in the frequency of hypertension and a combination of smoking and dyslipidemia, depending on the dietary patterns of the respondents.

Conclusion. The study results revealed association between adherence to the protein-carbohydrate dietary pattern and a reduced risk of hypertension, and association between adherence to the mixed dietary pattern and a reduced risk of dyslipidemia and smoking + dyslipidemia. Moreover, we noted age-related features and the effects of working conditions (shift work and work experience) and the frequency of consumption of various food groups.

1. Yu E, Malik VS, Hu FB. Cardiovascular disease prevention by diet modification: JACC Health Promotion Series. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018; 72(8): 914-926. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.02.085

2. Benjamin EJ, Muntner P, Alonso A, et al. American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart disease and stroke statistics – 2019 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2019; 139(10): e56–e528. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000659

3. Shan Z, Li Y, Baden MY, Bhupathiraju SN, Wang DD, Sun Q, et al. Association between healthy eating patterns and risk of cardiovascular disease. JAMA Intern Med. 2020; 180(8): 1090–1100. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.2176

4. Maksimov SA, Karamnova NS, Shalnova SA, Drapkina OM. Empirical dietary patterns and their influence on health in epidemiological studies. Problems of nutrition. 2020; 89(1): 6–18. (In Russ.).

5. Vázquez-Aguilar A, Rueda-Robles A, Rivas-García L, Vázquez-Lorente H, Duque-Soto CM, Jiménez-López KL, et al. Association of Dietary Patterns with Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Mexican Adults: Insights from a Cross-Sectional Descriptive Study. Nutrients. 2024; 16(6): 804. doi: 10.3390/nu16060804

6. Tsygankova DP. European Society of Cardiology Congress: a focus on nutrition. Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases. 2021; 10(1): 83-88. (In Russ.).

7. Torquati L, Mielke GI, Brown WJ, Kolbe-Alexander T. Shift work and the risk of cardiovascular disease. A systematic review and meta-analysis including dose-response relationship. Scand. J. Work. Environ. Health. 2018; 44(3): 229–238. doi: 10.5271/sjweh.3700

8. Gan Y, Yang C, Tong X, Sun H, Cong Y, Yin X, et al. Shift work and diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Occup Environ Med. 2015; 72(1): 72–78. doi: 10.1136/oemed-2014-102150

9. Gan Y, Li L, Zhang L, Yan S, Gao C, Hu S, et al. Association between shift work and risk of prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Carcinogenesis. 2018; 39(2): 87–97. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgx129

10. Clark AB, Coates AM, Davidson ZE, Bonham MP. Dietary Patterns under the Influence of Rotational Shift Work Schedules: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Adv Nutr. 2023; 14(2): 295–316. doi: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.01.006

11. Hulsegge G, Boer JM, van der Beek AJ, Verschuren WM, Sluijs I, Vermeulen R, et al. Shift workers have a similar diet quality but higher energy intake than day workers. Scand. J. Work. Environ. Health. 2016; 42(6): 459– 468. doi: 10.5271/sjweh.3593

12. Poggiogalle E, Jamshed H, Peterson CM. Circadian regulation of glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism in humans. Metabolism. 2018; 84: 11–27. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.11.017

13. Leung GKW, Huggins CE, Bonham MP. Effect of meal timing on postprandial glucose responses to a low glycemic index meal: a crossover trial in healthy volunteers. Clin. Nutr. 2019; 38(1): 465–471. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2017.11.010

14. Clark AB, Coates AM, Davidson ZE, Bonham MP. Dietary Patterns under the Influence of Rotational Shift Work Schedules: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Adv Nutr. 2023; 14(2): 295–316. doi: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.01.006

15. Van de Langenberg D, Vlaanderen JJ, Dollé ME, Rookus MA, van Kerkhof LW, Vermeulen RC. Diet, physical activity, and daylight exposure patterns in night-shift workers and day workers. Ann. Work. Expo. Health. 2019; 63(1): 9–21. doi: 10.1093/annweh/wxy097

16. Souza RV, Sarmento RA, de Almeida JC, Canuto R. The effect of shift work on eating habits: a systematic review. Scand. J. Work. Environ. Health. 2019; 45(1): 7–21. doi: 10.5271/sjweh.3759

17. Peplonska B, Nowak P, Trafalska E. The association between night shift work and nutrition patterns among nurses: a literature review. Med. Pr. 2019; 70(3): 363–376. doi: 10.13075/mp.5893.00816

18. Adilov UH. Influence of the organization of food and food behavior on the morbidity of employees of the coal industry. Avicenna. 2018; 23(1): 4–7. (In Russ.).

19. Gainullina MK, Safin VF, Nigmatullin IK. Nutrition specificities of female workers of the livestock complex according to the interview data. Occupational medicine and human ecology. 2019; 1(17): 63–67. (In Russ.).

20. Bezzina A, Austin EK, Watson T, Ashton L, James CL. Health and wellness in the Australian coal mining industry: A cross sectional analysis of baseline fi from the RESHAPE workplace wellness program. PLoS One. 2021; 16(6): e0252802. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252802

21. Мажаева Т.В., Дубенко С.Э., Погожева А.В., Хотимченко С.А. Характеристика питания и пищевого статуса рабочих различных промышленных предприятий Свердловской области. Вопросы питания. 2018; 87(1):72–78. doi: 10.24411/0042-8833-2018-10008

22. Shibanova NJ, Petrov AG, Bogomolova ND, Halahin VV. Features lifestyle characteristics and feeding behavior miners in the medical and pharmaceutical care. Modern problems of science and education. 2014; 6(1). (In Russ.). URL: https://science-education.ru/ru/article/view?id=17080 (date of access: June 25, 2024).