Молекулярные компоненты, иммунные и стволовые клетки в регенерации мягких тканей

Заживление ран является пространственно-временным и  строго регулируемым процессом, который подразделяется на  четыре непрерывных и перекрывающихся этапа: гемостаз, воспаление, репарация (пролиферация) и  ремоделирование. Все этапы контролируются различными системами организма и зависят от регуляторной роли иммунных и стволовых клеток. Несмотря на значительный прогресс в понимании клеточных и молекулярных механизмов развития воспаления, остаётся не  до  конца ясной роль иммунной микросреды в процессе регенерации. С одной стороны, доказано решающее значение клеточных и  молекулярных компонентов иммунной системы в  репаративной реакции тканей, включая степень рубцевания, восстановление структуры и функции органов, а с другой – представлены малочисленные данные о потере способности тканей к регенерации, связанные с эволюцией иммунной компетентности. В обзоре представлены ключевые клеточно-молекулярные механизмы иммунного ответа и участия стволовых клеток в процессе репарации мягких тканей при их взаимодействии с  внеклеточным матриксом. Проведён анализ последних научных данных об участии компонентов иммунной микросреды и стволовых клеток в репарации мягких тканей по публикациям, представленным в системах Google Scholar, Medline, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science. Показано, что характер такого ответа и его продолжительность оказывают значительное влияние на исход репарации – от неполного восстановления (рубцевание или  фиброз) до  полноценной регенерации. Указывается, что  в  процессах репарации и ремоделирования мягких тканей принимают участие различные типы иммунных и стволовых клеток, и их взаимодействие должно быть точно контролируемым. Данные обзора могут стать основой для разработки новых терапевтических подходов для восстановления мягких тканей посредством иммунной регуляции или использованием стволовых клеток и внеклеточных везикул.

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