Changes in the reactivity of the vertebrobasilar arteries when using glucose-electrolyte drink with antioxidant plant extracts during submaximal exercise test

The aim. To assess the effect of glucose-electrolyte composition with plant extracts having antioxidant activity on the hemodynamic parameters of vertebrobasilar system during the incrementally increasing submaximal exercise test.

Materials and methods. The study included 12 athletes (6 candidates for master of sports and 6 masters of sports) aged 18–22, who have been engaged in orienteering for 10 years and more. Time of aerobic exercise – 2 hours a day, five days a week. The study subjects performed an incrementally increasing submaximal exercise test and also submaximal exercise test with the preventive intake of a glucose-electrolyte composition with plant extracts having antioxidant properties. To assess the hemodynamic parameters in all study subjects we used Doppler ultrasound of the cerebral vessels, evaluating vertebrobasilar system blood flow, exercise gas test in the modification of hypo- and hyperventilation, and also positional test.

Results. A single intake of glucose-electrolyte drink under conditions of incrementally increasing exercise test contributed to the manifestation of a homeostatic effect in hemodynamic parameters of the vertebrobasilar arteries. It is evidenced by the approximation to the pre-exercise level of maximum systolic velocity and average blood velocity in the breath-holding test, of the diastolic blood velocity in the hyperventilation test, and of the pulsatility index in the torsion test, as compared to the isolated submaximal exercise test which caused the change in both velocity indicators and calculated indices during the functional tests.

The article considers the main mechanisms underlying the change in arterial hemodynamic parameters caused by incrementally increasing load, as well as describes the proposed mechanisms arising from the combined effect of an incrementally increasing load and the intake of a glucose-electrolyte composition with plant extracts having antioxidant activity.

Conclusion. It was shown that using glucose-electrolyte drink contributed to the restoration of hemodynamic parameters of the vertebrobasilar arteries after an incrementally increasing submaximal exercise test. 

1. Jarvis SS, Levine BD, Prisk GK, Shykoff BE, Elliott AR, Rosow E, et al. Simultaneous determination of the accuracy and precision of closed-circuit output rebreathing techniques. J Appl Physiol. 2007; 103: 867-874. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01106.2006

2. Smith KJ, Wildfong KW, Hoiland RL, Harper M, Lewis NC, Pool A, et al. Role of CO2 in the cerebral hyperemic response to incremental normoxic and hyperoxic exercise. J Appl Physiol. 2016; 120: 843-854. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00490.2015

3. Ito H, Yokoyama I, Iida H, Kinoshita T, Hatazawa J, Shimosegawa E, et al. Regional differences in cerebral vascular response to PaCO2 changes in humans measured by positron emission tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2000; 20: 1264- 1270. doi: 10.1097/00004647-200008000-00011

4. Hew-Butler T. Exercise-associated hyponatremia. Front Horm Res. 2019; 52: 178-189. doi: 10.1159/000493247

5. James LJ, Moss JH. Hypohydration impairs endurance performance: A blinded study. Physiol Rep. 2017; 5(12): e13315. doi: 10.14814/phy2.13315

6. Watso JC, Farquhar WB. Hydration status and cardiovascular function. Nutrients. 2019; 11(8): 1866. doi: 10.3390/nu11081866

7. Martinchik AN, Baeva VS, Peskova EV, Kudryavtseva KV, Denisova NN, Lavrinenko SV, et al. Actual liquid consumption by highly qualified athletes in the mode of the training process. Problems of Nutrition. 2018; 87(3): 36-44. (In Russ.). doi: 10.24411/0042-8833-2018-10029

8. Vykhodets IT, Kurashvili VA, Miroshnikova YuV. Clinical recommendations on the methods of rehydration of the athlete’s body in various Olympic sports during training events and sports competitions. Moscow; 2018. (In Russ.).

9. Report of Science Committee on Food on composition and specification of food in tended to meet the expenditure of intense muscular effort, especially for sportsmen. 2001.

10. Maughan RJ, Murray R. Sports drinks: Basic science and practical aspects. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2019.

11. Thein-Nissenbaum J, Hammer E. Treatment strategies for the female athlete triad in the adolescent athlete: Current perspectives. Open Access J Sports Med. 2017; 8: 85-95. doi: 10.2147/OAJSM.S100026

12. Sawka MN, Greenleaf JE. Current concepts concerning thirst, dehydration, and fluid replacement: Overview. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1992; 24(6): 643-644.

13. Mason SA, Trewin AJ, Parker L, Wadley GD. Antioxidant supplements and endurance exercise: Current evidence and mechanistic insights. Redox Biol. 2020; 35: 101471. doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101471

14. Sellami M, Slimeni O, Pokrywka A, Kuvačić G, Hayes LD, Milic M. Herbal medicine for sports: A review. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2018; 15(15): 14. doi: 10.1186/s12970-018-0218-y

15. Smith KJ, MacLeod D, Willie CK, Lewis NCS, Hoiland RL, Ikeda K, et al. Influence of high altitude on cerebral blood flow and fuel utilization during exercise and recovery. J Physiol. 2014; 592: 5507-5527. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.281212

16. Ogoh S, Dalsgaard MK, Yoshiga CC, Dawson EA, Keller DM, Raven PB, et al. Dynamic cerebral autoregulation during exhaustive exercise in humans. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2005; 288: 1461-1467. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00948.2004

17. Kim VN, Krivulina GB, Prosekin GA. The effect of dehydration on the development of endothelial dysfunction in young athletes: A comparative analysis of the effectiveness of a new honey isotonic drink and standard means of restoring hydro-electrolytic balance. Acta biomedica scientifica. 2020; 5(5): 86-98. (In Russ.). doi: 10.29413/abs.2020-5.5.12

18. Bachi AL, Sierra AP, Rios FJ, Gonçalves DA, Ghorayeb N, Abud RL. Athletes with higher VO2max present reduced oxLDL after a marathon race. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2015; 1(1): bmjsem-2015-000014. doi: 10.1136/bmjsem-2015-000014

19. Green DJ, Hopman MT, Padilla J, Laughlin MH. Vascular adaptation to exercise in humans: Role of hemodynamic stimuli. Physiol Rev. 2017; 97(2): 495-528. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00014.2016

20. Lopatin ZV, Vasilenko VS. Endothelial dysfunction markers in an athlete in training load. Modern Problems of Science and Education. 2019; 1: 414-416. (In Russ.).

21. Smith AD, Refsum H. Homocysteine, B vitamins, and cognitive impairment. Annu Rev Nutr. 2016; 36: 211-239. doi: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071715-050947

22. Laughlin MH, Newcomer SC, Bender SB. Importance of hemodynamic forces as signals for exercise-induced changes in endothelial cell phenotype. J Appl Physiol. 2008; 104(3): 588-600. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01096.2007

23. Rezk-Hanna M, Seals DR, Rossman MJ, Gupta R, Nettle ChO, Means A. Ascorbic acid prevents vascular endothelial dysfunction induced by electronic hookah (waterpipe) vaping. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021; 10(5): e019271. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.120.019271

24. Naimi M, Vlavcheski F, Shamshoum H. Rosemary extract as a potential anti-hyperglycemic agent: Current evidence and future perspectives. Nutrients. 2017; 1(9): 968. doi: 10.3390/nu9090968

25. Prasannarong M, Saengsirisuwan V, Surapongchai J, Chukijrungroat BJ, Rattanavichit Y, et al. Rosmarinic acid improves hypertension and skeletal muscle glucose transport in angiotensin II-treated rats. BMC. Complement Altern Med. 2019; 19(1): 165. doi: 10.1186/s12906-019-2579-4

26. Seyydi SM, Tofighi A, Rahmati M. Exercise and Urtica Dioica extract ameliorate mitochondrial function and the expression of cardiac muscle nuclear respiratory factor 2 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha in STZinduced diabetic rats. Gene. 2022; 15(822): 146351. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146351

27. Liang Y, Qiu J, Gao HQ. Protective effect of grape seed proanthocyanidins extracts on reperfusion arrhythmia in rabbits. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2009; 55(3): 223-230. doi: 10.3177/jnsv.55.223

28. Quinones M. The polyphenols, naturally occurring compounds with beneficial effects on cardiovascular disease. Nutr Hosp. 2012; 27(1): 76-89. doi: 10.1590/S0212-16112012000100009

29. Kang P, Ryu K-H, Jeong-Min Lee, Kim HK, Seol GH, et al. Endothelium- and smooth muscle-dependent vasodilator effects of Citrus aurantium L. var. amara: Focus on Ca(2+) modulation. Biomed Pharmacother. 2016; 82: 467-71. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.05.030

30. Khoo NK. Dietary flavonoid quercetin stimulates vasorelaxation in aortic vessels. Free Radic Biol Med. 2010; 49(3): 339-347. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.04.022