Современное состояние и проблемы изучения биологических эффектов ТГц-излучения

Введение. Терагерцовое излучение (ТГцИ) занимает диапазон 0.1–10 ТГц и долгое время было малоизученным из-за сложности создания источников и детекторов. Недавние достижения в полупроводниках и нанотехнологиях способствовали развитию ТГц-технологий в связи, медицине и безопасности, но возникают вопросы о возможном воздействии на здоровье и окружающую среду.

Цель. Обобщить текущее состояние исследований в области клеточных эффектов, возникающих при воздействии ТГцИ. Особое внимание уделено применению омиксных технологий, в частности метаболомики, протеомики, транскриптомики для изучения воздействия ТГцИ на живые системы. Обзор также направлен на анализ ключевых паттернов биологических эффектов, вызванных ТГцИ, и оценку перспектив дальнейших исследований и применения ТГцИ в биомедицинских и биотехнологических контекстах, а также особенности организации экспериментов по изучению влияния ТГцИ. Для написания обзора был произведен поиск научных публикаций с использованием источников PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, IEEE Xplore за период с 2000 по 2024 годы.

Обсуждение. Исследования ТГцИ показывают нетепловые эффекты на клетки, включая генотоксичность и изменение экспрессии генов, но результаты разнятся. Большинство данных получено in vitro на разных клеточных линиях, где эффекты зависят от параметров излучения. Для эпителиальных клеток и фибробластов цитотоксичность мала до 1 ТГц, но возможны генотоксические эффекты. ТГцИ может снижать метилирование ДНК опухолевых клеток, что перспективно для диагностики. Омиксные технологии помогают изучать молекулярные механизмы воздействия, но требуется стандартизация методов для точного разграничения тепловых и нетепловых эффектов.

Заключение. Обзор подчеркивает актуальность исследований ТГцИ и его влияние на живые системы, но существующие данные ограничены и разрознены. Для понимания механизмов нетеплового воздействия необходимы более детализированные экспериментальные исследования, включая метаболомные подходы для анализа биохимических реакций на ТГц-излучение.

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