Генетический полиморфизм и метаболизм полиненасыщенных жирных кислот при бронхиальной астме

Бронхиальная астма (БА) ассоциирована с системным воспалением, важную роль в развитии которого играют нарушения липидного обмена, в частности, изменение физиологического баланса эссенциальных жирных кислот (ЖК). Баланс ω3 и ω6 полиненасыщенных жирных кислот (ПНЖК) зависит от их адекватного экзогенного поступления и эндогенной переработки при участии ферментов десатураз и элонгаз ЖК. Десатуразы кодируются генами десатураз ЖК (FADS), элонгазы – генами элонгаз (ELOVL). Большинство исследований сосредоточено на изучении полиморфных вариантов генов FADS, способных изменять экзогенный синтез ПНЖК, что лежит в основе нарушения образования провоспалительных и проразрешающих липидных медиаторов, отвечающих за развитие хронического воспаления. Однако механизмы, лежащие в основе предрасположенности носителей полиморфных вариантов генов FADS к развитию БА, неизвестны. Появляются данные об участии ELOVL в патофизиологии БА. Обнаружены и другие гены, ассоциированные с развитием БА, атопии и метаболизмом ПНЖК, в частности, гены представителей семейства протеаз пролилолигопептидаз DPP10 и CD26/DPP4. Выявление носительства полиморфных вариантов данных генов (ассоциированных с БА) позволит пересмотреть и дополнить современные методы лечения БА. Воздействие на здоровье алиментарных ω3 и ω6 ПНЖК также может варьировать в зависимости от полиморфных вариантов генов, связанных с метаболизмом ПНЖК. Это ставит вопрос о необходимости изучения генетической составляющей в формировании ответа организма на развитие системного воспаления при БА и способов его коррекции посредством алиментарного применения ПНЖК.
Цель обзора. Обобщить современные представления об ассоциации полиморфных вариантов генов FADS, ELOVL и других генов, связанных с метаболизмом ПНЖК, с нарушением липидного обмена и их роли в развитии БА на основании анализа статей, опубликованных в период до 2024 г. и представленных в базе данных PubMed.

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