Природные компоненты как структура гидрогелей для клеточной терапии и тканевой инженерии

Гидрогели – объёмные сетевые структуры, материалом для изготовления которых являются как природные, так и синтетические компоненты. Это гидрофильные полимеры, способные поглощать и удерживать значительное количество воды. Благодаря уникальным физико-химическим свойствам, программируемым в зависимости от цели дальнейшего применения, гидрогели широко используются в биомедицинской сфере. Данная обзорная статья посвящена природным материалам для создания гидрогелей с различными характеристиками.

К природным материалам для изготовления гидрогелей относятся коллаген, эластин, желатин, хитозан, декстран, гиалуроновая кислота, альгинат, фиброин шёлка, гликозаминогликаны. Являясь компонентами внеклеточного матрикса, натуральные материалы считаются наиболее физиологическими или биосовместимыми и не оказывают токсического воздействия на организм. Другим не менее важным параметром считается биодеградируемость, которую необходимо учитывать при выборе компонентов для изготовления гидрогелей. Природные материалы обеспечивают хорошую клеточную адгезию, распространение биоактивных сигналов, а также способны влиять на поведение клеток in vitro и in vivo. Для синтезирования гидрогелей используют физические и химические методы сшивания, с помощью которых задаются определённые свойства гидрогелей. Кроме того, гидрогели могут быть дополнительно модифицированы различными активными молекулами, факторами роста, повышающими их биофункциональность. На сегодняшний день гидрогели из природных материалов широко используются в офтальмологии, нейрохирургии, при лечении кожных ран, при различных сердечно-сосудистых патологиях, в восстановлении объёма циркулирующей крови, некоторых хрящевых дефектов, целенаправленной доставке фармакологических препаратов, активных молекул и во многом другом. Таким образом, гидрогели из природных компонентов являются крайне перспективным материалом в клеточных технологиях и тканевой инженерии.

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