<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">actabiomedica</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Acta Biomedica Scientifica</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Acta Biomedica Scientifica</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2541-9420</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-9596</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Centre for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29413/ABS.2018-3.5.5</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">actabiomedica-704</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГЕНЕТИКА, ПРОТЕОМИКА И МЕТАБОЛОМИКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>GENETICS, PROTEOMICS AND METABOLOMICS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>БИОИНФОРМАЦИОННЫЙ ПОИСК СТРУКТУР CRISPR/CAS-СИСТЕМЫ В ГЕНОМЕ ПЛАЗМИДЫ PCT281 ШТАММА BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS SUBSP. CHINENSIS CT-43</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>BIOINFORMATIC SEARCH OF CRISPR/CAS SYSTEM STRUCTURES IN GENOME OF PCT281 PLASMID OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS SUBSP. CHINENSIS STRAIN CT-43</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Арефьева</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Arefyeva</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>664003, г. Иркутск, ул. Карла Маркса, 1.</p><p>студентка 3-го курса кафедры физико-химической биологии биолого-почвенногофакультета.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>ul. Karla Marksa 1, Irkutsk 664003.</p><p>3rd year student at the Department of Physiochemical Biology of the Faculty of Biology and Soil Science.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">arefieva.n4@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5410-5113</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Джиоев</surname><given-names>Ю. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dzhioev</surname><given-names>Yu. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>664003, г. Иркутск, ул. Красного Восстания, 1.</p><p>кандидат биологических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник, заведующий лабораторией молекулярной вирусологии и биотехнологии НИИ биомедицинских технологий.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>ul. Krasnogo Vosstaniya 1, Irkutsk 664003.</p><p>Candidate of Biological Sciences, Leading Research Officer, Head of the Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biotechnology, Research Institute of Biomedical Technologies.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alanir07@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6094-5864</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Борисенко</surname><given-names>А. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Borisenko</surname><given-names>A. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>664003, г. Иркутск, ул. Красного Восстания, 1.</p><p> аспирант, ассистент кафедры микробиологии, вирусологии и иммунологии.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>ul. Krasnogo Vosstaniya 1, Irkutsk 664003.</p><p>Postgraduate, Teaching Assistant at the Department of Microbiology, Virology and Immunology.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">89500720225@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чемерилова</surname><given-names>В. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chemerilova</surname><given-names>V. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>664003, г. Иркутск, ул. Карла Маркса, 1.</p><p>кандидат биологических наук, доцент кафедры микробиологии биолого-почвенного факультета.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>ul. Karla Marksa 1, Irkutsk 664003.</p><p>Candidate of Biological Sciences, Associate Professor at the Department of Microbiology of the Faculty of Biology and Soil Science.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">valchem@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вятчина</surname><given-names>О. Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vyatchina</surname><given-names>O. F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>664003, г. Иркутск, ул. Карла Маркса, 1.</p><p>кандидат биологических наук, доцент кафедры микробиологии биолого-почвенного факультета.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>ul. Karla Marksa 1, Irkutsk 664003.</p><p>Candidate of Biological Sciences, Associate Professor at the Department of Microbiology of the Faculty of Biology and Soil Science.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">olgairk3@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Секерина</surname><given-names>О. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sekerina</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>664003, г. Иркутск, ул. Красного Восстания, 1.</p><p>кандидат биологических наук, доцент кафедры медицинской биологии медико-профилактического факультета.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>ul. Krasnogo Vosstaniya 1, Irkutsk 664003.</p><p>Candidate of Biological Sciences, Associate Professor at the Department of Medical Biology of the Public Health Faculty.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">o.sekerina@ismu.baikal.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5792-7283</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Степаненко</surname><given-names>Л. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Stepanenko</surname><given-names>L. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>664003, г. Иркутск, ул. Красного Восстания, 1.</p><p>кандидат медицинских наук, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории молекулярной вирусологии и биотехнологии НИИ биомедицинских технологий.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>ul. Krasnogo Vosstaniya 1, Irkutsk 664003.</p><p>Candidate of Medical Sciences, Senior Research Officer at the Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biotechnology, Research Institute of Biomedical Technologies.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">steplia@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Маркова</surname><given-names>Ю. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Markova</surname><given-names>Yu. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>664033, г. Иркутск, ул. Лермонтова, 132.</p><p>доктор биологических наук, старший научный сотрудник, заведующая лабораторией растительно-микробных взаимодействий.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>ul. Lermontova 132, Irkutsk 664033.</p><p>Doctor of Biological Sciences, Senior Research Officer, Head of the Laboratory of Plant Microbial Interactions.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">juliam06@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Юринова</surname><given-names>Г. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yurinova</surname><given-names>G. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>664003, г. Иркутск, ул. Карла Маркса, 1.</p><p>кандидат биологических наук, доцент кафедры физико-химической биологии биологопочвенного факультета.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>ul. Karla Marksa 1, Irkutsk 664003.</p><p>Candidate of Biological Sciences, Associate Professor at the Department of Physicochemical Biology of the Faculty of Biology and Soil Science.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yurinova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Саловарова</surname><given-names>В. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Salovarova</surname><given-names>V. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>664003, г. Иркутск, ул. Карла Маркса, 1.</p><p>доктор биологических наук, профессор, заведующая кафедрой физико-химической биологии биолого-почвенного факультета.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>ul. Karla Marksa 1, Irkutsk 664003.</p><p>Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of Physicochemical Biology of the Faculty of Biology and Soil Science.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vsalovarova@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Приставка</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pristavka</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>664003, г. Иркутск, ул. Карла Маркса, 1.</p><p>кандидат биологических наук, доцент кафедры физико-химической биологии биолого-почвенного факультета.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>ul. Karla Marksa 1, Irkutsk 664003.</p><p>Candidate of Biological Sciences, Associate Professor at the Department of Physicochemical Biology of the Faculty of Biology and Soil Science.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">pristavk@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кузьминова</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuzminova</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>664003, г. Иркутск, ул. Карла Маркса, 1.</p><p>студентка 3-го курса кафедры физико-химической биологии биолого-почвенного факультета.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>ul. Karla Marksa 1, Irkutsk 664003.</p><p>3rd year student at the Department of Physicochemical Biology of the Faculty of Biology and Soil Science.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ewwwrye@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рева</surname><given-names>О. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Reva</surname><given-names>O. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Pretoria 0002, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028.</p><p>кандидат биологических наук, доцент.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Pretoria 0002, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028.</p><p>PhD in Biology, Associate Professor.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">reva@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Злобин</surname><given-names>В. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zlobin</surname><given-names>V. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>664003, г. Иркутск, ул. Красного Восстания, 1.</p><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор, академик РАН, заведующий кафедрой микробиологии, вирусологии и иммунологии, директор НИИ биомедицинских технологий.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>ul. Krasnogo Vosstaniya 1, Irkutsk 664003.</p><p>Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Academician of RAS, Head of the Department of Microbiology, Virology and Immunology, Director of the Research Institute of Biomedical Technologies.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vizlobin@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Иркутский государственный университет».</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Irkutsk State University.</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Иркутский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России.</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Irkutsk State Medical University.</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУН «Сибирский институт физиологии и биохимии растений» СО РАН.</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, SB RAS.</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Центр биоинформатики и компьютерной биологии,&#13;
Кафедра биохимии, генетики и микробиологии, Университет Претории.</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Centre for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria.</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2018</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>09</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>3</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>33</fpage><lpage>38</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Арефьева Н.А., Джиоев Ю.П., Борисенко А.Ю., Чемерилова В.И., Вятчина О.Ф., Секерина О.А., Степаненко Л.А., Маркова Ю.А., Юринова Г.В., Саловарова В.П., Приставка А.А., Кузьминова В.А., Рева О.Н., Злобин В.И., 2018</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Арефьева Н.А., Джиоев Ю.П., Борисенко А.Ю., Чемерилова В.И., Вятчина О.Ф., Секерина О.А., Степаненко Л.А., Маркова Ю.А., Юринова Г.В., Саловарова В.П., Приставка А.А., Кузьминова В.А., Рева О.Н., Злобин В.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Arefyeva N.A., Dzhioev Y.P., Borisenko A.Y., Chemerilova V.I., Vyatchina O.F., Sekerina O.A., Stepanenko L.A., Markova Y.A., Yurinova G.V., Salovarova V.P., Pristavka A.A., Kuzminova V.A., Reva O.N., Zlobin V.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.actabiomedica.ru/jour/article/view/704">https://www.actabiomedica.ru/jour/article/view/704</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Современные методы биоинформатики позволяют проводить поиск и анализ функционально важных участков в геноме. Одними из таких участков в геноме бактерий являются локусы CRISPR/Casсистем, выполняющих роль «адаптивной иммунной защиты» от чужеродных нуклеиновых кислот. Поиск и анализ структур CRISPR/Cas-систем в геномах плазмид и фагов предоставляет новую информацию об эволюции данных систем в бактериальных хозяевах.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель исследования</title><p>Цель исследования: поиск структур CRISPR/Cas-систем в геноме плазмиды pCT281 штамма Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. chinensis CT-43 при помощи методов биоинформатики.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Материалом для исследования являлся геном плазмиды pCT281 штаммаB. thuringiensis subsp. chinensis CT-43, загруженный из базы данных RefSeq. Для идентификации cas-генов была использована программа MacSyFinder (ver. 1.0.5). Детекция CRISPR-кассет проводилась при помощи трёх приложений: CRISPRFinder, PILER-CR, CRISPR Recognition Tool (CRT). Консенсусная структура повторов получена в WebLogo 3.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты и обсуждение</title><p>Результаты и обсуждение. В плазмиде pCT281 был выявлен один локус CRISPR/Cas-системы типа I-C. В данном локусе были идентифицированы две CRISRP-кассеты, между которыми расположена последовательность из четырёх cas-генов. В первой CRISPR-кассете зафиксированы последовательности 10 спейсеров размером от 32 до 35 пар нуклеотидов (п. н.) и 11 повторов (32 п. н.). Во второй CRISPR-кассете обнаружены последовательности 5 спейсеров (33–53 п. н.), разделённых шестью повторами по 32 п. н.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Используемые биоинформационные методы позволяют эффективно проводить поиск структур CRISPR/Cas-системы в мобильных элементах генома. Наличие CRISPR-кассет и cas-генов в плазмиде pCT281 может свидетельствовать о возможной передаче CRISPR/Cas-системы от бактериальной хромосомы данной плазмиде. Выявленные спейсерные последовательности CRISPR-кассет предоставляют информацию о фагах, с которыми данная бактерия встречалась.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Background. CRISPR/Cas systems loci are one of the functionally important patterns in bacterial genome which perform the role of “adaptive immune defense” from foreign nucleic acids. The study of CRISPR/Cas systems structure in genomes of plasmids and phages provide new information about the evolution of this systems in bacterial hosts.</p></sec><sec><title>Aims</title><p>Aims. A search of CRISPR/Cas systems structures in pCT281 plasmid from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. chinensis strain CT-43 using bioinformatic methods.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. Search studies using bioinformatics methods were performed with the genome of pCT281 plasmid of B. thuringiensis subsp. chinensis strain CT-43 from the RefSeq database. To search for the CRISPR/Cas system structure MacSyFinder (ver. 1.0.5) and three combined algorithms were used: CRISPRFinder; PILER-CR; CRISPR Recognition Tool (CRT). The consensus repeat sequence was generated in WebLogo 3.</p></sec><sec><title>Results and discussion</title><p>Results and discussion. In pCT281 plasmid we detected one locus of CRISPR/Cas system of the type I-C which contains 2 CRISPR-cassettes and 4 cas-genes located between them. The CRISPR-cassette 1 includes 10 spacers from 32 to 35 bp and 11 repeats 32bp in length. 5 spacers (33–35 bp) separated by 6 repeats 32 bp in length were detected in the CRISPR-cassette 2.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. The bioinformatic methods used in this study enable to conduct a search of CRISPR/Cas systems structures in plasmid genomes. The presence of the CRISPR-Cas locus in pCT281 plasmid confirms a possible transfer of this system from the nucleoid to this plasmid. The detected spacers provide information about phages this bacteria was encountered.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>плазмида pCT281</kwd><kwd>методы биоинформатики</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>CRISPR/Cas-система</kwd><kwd>Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. chinensis CT-43</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Перетолчина Н.П., Джиоев Ю.П., Борисенко А.Ю., Воскресенская Е.А., Парамонов А.И., Степаненко Л.А., Колбасеева О.В., Злобин В.И. Биоинформационный анализ CRISPR/Cas системы штамма Yersinia pseudotuberculosis IP32953 // Acta biomedica scientifica. – 2016. – № 5. – С. 64–68.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Peretolchina NP, Dzhioev YuP, Borisenko AYu, Voskresenskaya EA, Paramonov AI, Stepanenko LA, Kolbaseeva OV, Zlobin VI. ( 2016). Bioinformatics analysis of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis IP32953 CRISPR/Cas system. Acta biomedica scientifica, (5), 64-68.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abby SS, Neron B, Menager H, Touchon M, Rocha EPC. (2014). MacSyFinder: A program to mine genomes for molecular systems with an application to CRISPR-Cas systems. PLoS One, 9 (10), 110726. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110726.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abby SS, Neron B, Menager H, Touchon M, Rocha EPC. (2014). MacSyFinder: A program to mine genomes for molecular systems with an application to CRISPR-Cas systems. PLoS One, 9 (10), 110726. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110726.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bland C, Ramsey TL, Sabree F, Lowe M, Brown K, Kyrpides NC, Hugenholtz P. (2007). CRISPR recognition tool (CRT): a tool for automatic detection of clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats. BMC Bioinformatics, 8 (209), 1-8. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-8-209.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bland C, Ramsey TL, Sabree F, Lowe M, Brown K, Kyrpides NC, Hugenholtz P. (2007). CRISPR recognition tool (CRT): a tool for automatic detection of clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats. BMC Bioinformatics, 8 (209), 1-8. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-8-209.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bolotin A, Quinquis B, Sorokin A, Ehrlich SD. (2005). Clustered regularly interspaced short palindrome repeats (CRISPRs) have spacers of extrachromosomal origin. Microbiology, 151, 2551-2561. DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.28048-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bolotin A, Quinquis B, Sorokin A, Ehrlich SD. (2005). Clustered regularly interspaced short palindrome repeats (CRISPRs) have spacers of extrachromosomal origin. Microbiology, 151, 2551-2561. DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.28048-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Crooks GE, Hon G, Chandonia JM, Brenner SE. (2004). WebLogo: a sequence logo generator. Genome Res, 14 (6), 1188-1190. DOI: 10.1101/gr.849004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Crooks GE, Hon G, Chandonia JM, Brenner SE. (2004). WebLogo: a sequence logo generator. Genome Res, 14 (6), 1188-1190. DOI: 10.1101/gr.849004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Edgar RC. (2007). PILER-CR: Fast and accurate identification of CRISPR repeats. BMC Bioinformatics, 8 (18), 1-6. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-8-18.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Edgar RC. (2007). PILER-CR: Fast and accurate identification of CRISPR repeats. BMC Bioinformatics, 8 (18), 1-6. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-8-18.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fernald GH, Capriotti E, Daneshjou R, Karczewski KJ, Altman RB. (2011). Bioinformatics challenges for personalized medicine. Bioinformatics, 27 (13), 1741-1748. DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btr295.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fernald GH, Capriotti E, Daneshjou R, Karczewski KJ, Altman RB. (2011). Bioinformatics challenges for personalized medicine. Bioinformatics, 27 (13), 1741-1748. DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btr295.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gaj T, Gersbach CA, Barbas CF. (2013). ZFN, TALEN and CRISPR/Cas-based methods for genome engineering. Trends Biotechnol, 31 (7), 397-405. DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2013.04.004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gaj T, Gersbach CA, Barbas CF. (2013). ZFN, TALEN and CRISPR/Cas-based methods for genome engineering. Trends Biotechnol, 31 (7), 397-405. DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2013.04.004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gasiunas G, Sinkunas T, Siksnys V. (2014). Molecular mechanisms of CRISPR-mediated microbial immunity. Cell Mol Life Sci, 71 (3), 449-465. DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1438-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gasiunas G, Sinkunas T, Siksnys V. (2014). Molecular mechanisms of CRISPR-mediated microbial immunity. Cell Mol Life Sci, 71 (3), 449-465. DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1438-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grissa I, Vergnaud G, Pourcel C. (2007). CRISPRFinder: a web tool to identify clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats. Nucleic Acids Research, 35, W52-W57. DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkm360.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grissa I, Vergnaud G, Pourcel C. (2007). CRISPRFinder: a web tool to identify clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats. Nucleic Acids Research, 35, W52-W57. DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkm360.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grissa I, Vergnaud G, Pourcel C. (2007). The CRISPRdb database and tools to display CRISPRs and to generate dictionaries of spacers and repeats. BMC Bioinformatics, 23 (8), 172.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grissa I, Vergnaud G, Pourcel C. (2007). The CRISPRdb database and tools to display CRISPRs and to generate dictionaries of spacers and repeats. BMC Bioinformatics, 23 (8), 172.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">He J, Wang J, Yin W, Shao X, Zheng H, Li M, Zhao Y, Sun M, Wang S, Yu Z. (2011). Complete genome sequence of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. chinensis strain CT-43. J Bacteriol, 193 (13), 3407-3408. DOI: 10.1128/JB.05085-11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">He J, Wang J, Yin W, Shao X, Zheng H, Li M, Zhao Y, Sun M, Wang S, Yu Z. (2011). Complete genome sequence of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. chinensis strain CT-43. J Bacteriol, 193 (13), 3407-3408. DOI: 10.1128/JB.05085-11.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Makarova KS, Wolf YI, Alkhnbashi OS, Costa F, Shah SA, Saunders SJ, Barrangou R, Brouns SJ, Charpentier E, Haft DH, Horvath P, Moineau S, Mojica FJ, Terns RM, Terns MP, White MF, Yakunin AF, Garrett RA, van der Oost J, Backofen R, Koonin EV. (2015). An updated evolutionary classification of CRISPR-Cas systems. Nat Rev Microbiol, 13 (11), 722-736. DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro3569.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Makarova KS, Wolf YI, Alkhnbashi OS, Costa F, Shah SA, Saunders SJ, Barrangou R, Brouns SJ, Charpentier E, Haft DH, Horvath P, Moineau S, Mojica FJ, Terns RM, Terns MP, White MF, Yakunin AF, Garrett RA, van der Oost J, Backofen R, Koonin EV. (2015). An updated evolutionary classification of CRISPR-Cas systems. Nat Rev Microbiol, 13 (11), 722-736. DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro3569.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moore JH, Asselbergs FW, Williams SM. (2010). Bioinformatics challenges for genome-wide association studies. Bioinformatics, 26 (4), 445-455. DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btp713.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moore JH, Asselbergs FW, Williams SM. (2010). Bioinformatics challenges for genome-wide association studies. Bioinformatics, 26 (4), 445-455. DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btp713.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nam KH, Haitjema C, Liu X, Ding F, Wang H, DeLisa MP, Ke A. (2012). Cas5d protein processes pre-crRNA and assembles into a cascade-like interference complex in subtype I-C/Dvulg CRISPR-Cas system. Structure, 20 (9), 1574-1584. DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2012.06.016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nam KH, Haitjema C, Liu X, Ding F, Wang H, DeLisa MP, Ke A. (2012). Cas5d protein processes pre-crRNA and assembles into a cascade-like interference complex in subtype I-C/Dvulg CRISPR-Cas system. Structure, 20 (9), 1574-1584. DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2012.06.016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Navas LE, Amadio AF, Ortiz EM, Sauka DH, Benintende GB, Berretta MF, Zandomeni RO. (2017). Complete sequence and organization of pFR260, the Bacillus thuringiensis INTA Fr7-4 plasmid harboring insecticidal genes. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol, 27 (1), 43-54. DOI: 10.1159/000451056.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Navas LE, Amadio AF, Ortiz EM, Sauka DH, Benintende GB, Berretta MF, Zandomeni RO. (2017). Complete sequence and organization of pFR260, the Bacillus thuringiensis INTA Fr7-4 plasmid harboring insecticidal genes. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol, 27 (1), 43-54. DOI: 10.1159/000451056.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pardo-Lopez L, Soberon M, Bravo A. (2013). Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal three-domain Cry toxins: mode of action, insect resistance and consequences for crop protection. FEMS Microbiol Rev, 37 (1), 3-22. DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2012.00341.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pardo-Lopez L, Soberon M, Bravo A. (2013). Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal three-domain Cry toxins: mode of action, insect resistance and consequences for crop protection. FEMS Microbiol Rev, 37 (1), 3-22. DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2012.00341.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Roh JY, Choi JY, Li MS, Jin BR, Je YH. (2007). Bacillus thuringiensis as a specific, safe, and effective tool for insect pest control. J Microbiol Biotechnol, 17 (4), 547-559.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Roh JY, Choi JY, Li MS, Jin BR, Je YH. (2007). Bacillus thuringiensis as a specific, safe, and effective tool for insect pest control. J Microbiol Biotechnol, 17 (4), 547-559.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rousseau C, Gonnet M, Le Romancer M, Nicolas J. (2009). CRISPI: a CRISPR interactive database. Bioinformatics, 25 (24), 3317-3318. DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btp586.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rousseau C, Gonnet M, Le Romancer M, Nicolas J. (2009). CRISPI: a CRISPR interactive database. Bioinformatics, 25 (24), 3317-3318. DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btp586.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Van der Oost J, Jore MM, Westra ER, Lundgren M, Brouns SJ. (2009). CRISPR-based adaptive and heritable immunity in prokaryotes. Trends Biochem Sci, 34 (8), 401-407. DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2009.05.002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Van der Oost J, Jore MM, Westra ER, Lundgren M, Brouns SJ. (2009). CRISPR-based adaptive and heritable immunity in prokaryotes. Trends Biochem Sci, 34 (8), 401-407. DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2009.05.002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
