<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">actabiomedica</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Acta Biomedica Scientifica</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Acta Biomedica Scientifica</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2541-9420</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-9596</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Centre for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29413/ABS.2026-11.4.25</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">actabiomedica-6340</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCHES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Трипсин как индуктор агрегации тромбоцитов в эксперименте in vitro и предположительные механизмы её реализации</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Trypsin as an inducer of platelet aggregation in an in vitro experiment and its putative mechanisms</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9085-169X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Галак</surname><given-names>И. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Galak</surname><given-names>I. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Галак Иван Русланович – аспирант кафедры патологической физиологии </p><p>672000, г. Чита, ул. Горького, 39а</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ivan R. Galak – postgraduate student of the Department of Pathological Physiology</p><p>Gorky Str., 39a, Chita 672000</p><p> </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vanojan989@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Читинская государственная медицинская академия» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Chita State Medical Academy, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>17</day><month>10</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>251</fpage><lpage>259</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Галак И.Р., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Галак И.Р.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Galak I.R.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.actabiomedica.ru/jour/article/view/6340">https://www.actabiomedica.ru/jour/article/view/6340</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Обоснование</title><p>Обоснование. Сериновые протеазы являются наиболее многочисленным каталитическим типом протеолитических ферментов и выполняют в организме разнообразные функции. Они участвуют в процессе пищеварения, являются факторами свёртывания крови, компонентами комплемента и калликреин-кининовой системы и т.д. Наиболее изученным представителем сериновых протеаз является трипсин. Известно, что при некоторых патологических процессах и состояниях, таких как панкреатит и панкреонекроз, трипсин попадает в системный кровоток. Это чревато развитием тромбозов и тромбоэмболий, однако механизмы этих нарушений на сегодняшний день изучены недостаточно. Одним из механизмов, предположительно, может быть трипсин-опосредованная активация тромбоцитов с последующей их агрегацией.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель исследования</title><p>Цель исследования. Изучить возможность трипсина индуцировать агрегацию тромбоцитов in vitro.</p></sec><sec><title>Методы</title><p>Методы. Эксперименты проведены на богатой тромбоцитами плазме, полученной от 22 относительно здоровых добровольцев. Методом оптической агрегатометрии исследовали агрегацию тромбоцитов трипсином в конечных концентрациях 0,5, 1, 2,5, 5 и 10 μМ. На следующем этапе регистрировали трипсин-индуцированную агрегацию тромбоцитов в дефицитной по протромбину плазме.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Трипсин способен индуцировать агрегацию тромбоцитов in vitro. Минимальный эффект был отмечен при добавлении 2,5 μМ. Внесение в тромбоцитарную плазму 5 и 10 μМ трипсина индуцировало выраженную и необратимую агрегацию тромбоцитов. Трипсин-индуцированная агрегация реализуется как в гепаринизированной, так и в дефицитной по факторам протромбинового комплекса плазме.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. В ходе исследования выявлены проагрегантные эффекты трипсина, которые являются самостоятельными и могут быть реализованы без участия тромбина.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Serine proteases are the most numerous catalytic type of proteolytic enzymes and perform a variety of functions in the body. They participate in digestion, act as blood clotting factors, are components of complement and the kallikrein-kinin system, among others. Trypsin is the most studied serine protease. It is known that in certain pathological processes and conditions, such as pancreatitis and pancreatic necrosis, trypsin enters the systemic circulation. This can lead to the development of thrombosis and thromboembolism, but the mechanisms underlying these disorders remain poorly understood. One possible mechanism may be trypsin-mediated platelet activation followed by aggregation.</p></sec><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. To investigate the ability of trypsin to induce platelet aggregation in vitro. Methods. Experiments were conducted on platelet-rich plasma obtained from 22 relatively healthy volunteers. Platelet aggregation by trypsin at final concentrations of 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5, and 10 μM was studied using optical aggregometry. Trypsin-induced platelet aggregation was then recorded in prothrombin-deficient plasma.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Trypsin is capable of inducing platelet aggregation in vitro. The minimal effect was observed with the addition of 2.5 μM. Addition of 5 and 10 μM trypsin to platelet plasma induced pronounced and irreversible platelet aggregation. Trypsin-induced aggregation occurs in both heparinized plasma and plasma deficient in prothrombin complex factors.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The study revealed proaggregatory effects of trypsin that are thrombin-independent and can occur without its participation.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>трипсин</kwd><kwd>тромбоциты</kwd><kwd>сериновые протеазы</kwd><kwd>рецепторы</kwd><kwd>активируемые протеазами</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>trypsin</kwd><kwd>platelets</kwd><kwd>serine proteases</kwd><kwd>protease-activated receptors</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Famutimi OG, et al. Trypsin, chymotrypsin and elastase in health and disease. Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2024; 10: 126. doi: 10.1186/s43094-024-00709-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Famutimi OG, et al. Trypsin, chymotrypsin and elastase in health and disease. Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2024; 10: 126. doi: 10.1186/s43094-024-00709-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зинкевич О.Д., Сафина Н.А., Чикаев В.Ф., и др. Протеолитические ферменты мочи и сыворотки крови у больных острым панкреатитом. Экспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерология. 2017; (11): 86–91.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zinkevich  OD, Safina  NA, Chikaev  VF, et  al. Proteolytic enzymes in urine and blood serum in patients with acute pancreatitis. Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology. 2017; (11): 86–91. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mousseau CB, et al. Quenching trypsin is unnecessary in filter-based bottom-up proteomics. Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry. 2024; 35(8): 2028–2031. doi: 10.1021/jasms.4c00143</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mousseau  CB, et  al. Quenching trypsin is unnecessary in filter-based bottom-up proteomics. Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry. 2024; 35(8): 2028–2031. doi: 10.1021/jasms.4c00143</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu SH, et al. The expression and significance of protease activated receptor 2 in ovarian epithelial carcinoma. Zhonghua Zhong liu za zhi [Chinese Journal of Oncology]. 2023; 45(1): 64–73. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112152-20211214-00928</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu SH, et al. The expression and significance of protease activated receptor 2 in ovarian epithelial carcinoma. Zhonghua Zhong liu za zhi [Chinese Journal of Oncology]. 2023; 45(1): 64–73. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112152-20211214-00928</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koistinen H, et al. The roles of proteases in prostate cancer. IUBMB life. 2023; 75(6): 493–513. doi: 10.1002/iub.2700</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koistinen  H, et  al. The roles of proteases in prostate cancer. IUBMB life. 2023; 75(6): 493–513. doi: 10.1002/iub.2700</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Strong AA, Buzza MS, Antalis TM. Protease-Activated Receptor-2 Promotes Metastasis: An Emerging Therapeutic Target. Molecular Cancer Research. 2026; 24(4): 207– 220. doi: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-25-0788</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Strong AA, Buzza MS, Antalis TM. Protease-Activated Receptor-2 Promotes Metastasis: An Emerging Therapeutic Target. Molecular Cancer Research. 2026; 24(4): 207– 220. doi: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-25-0788</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vetvicka D, et al. Proteinase-activated receptor 2: springboard of tumors. Anticancer Research. 2024; 44(1): 1–12. doi: 10.21873/anticanres.16782</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vetvicka  D, et  al. Proteinase-activated receptor 2: springboard of tumors. Anticancer Research. 2024; 44(1): 1–12. doi: 10.21873/anticanres.16782</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anitua E, Prado R, Padilla S. Evolutionary insight into immunothrombosis as a healing mechanism. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(15): 8346. doi: 10.3390/ijms23158346</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anitua E, Prado R, Padilla S. Evolutionary insight into immunothrombosis as a healing mechanism. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(15): 8346. doi: 10.3390/ijms23158346</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кузник Б.И., Ройтман Е.В., Цыбиков Н.Н. и др. Полипотентные механизмы регуляции системы гемостаза и тромбообразования при COVID-19. Тромбоз, гемостаз и реология. 2023; 2: 67–89.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuznik  BI, Roitman  EV, Tsybikov NN, et al. Pluripotent mechanisms for regulation of hemostasis and thrombogenesis in COVID-19. Tromboz, gemostaz i reologiya. 2023; (2): 67–89. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Peach CJ, et al. Protease-activated receptors in health and disease. Physiological Reviews. 2023; 103(1): 717–785. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00044.2021</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Peach  CJ, et  al. Protease-activated receptors in health and disease. Physiological Reviews. 2023; 103(1): 717–785. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00044.2021</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kardeby C, et al. Heparin and heparin proteoglycan-mimetics activate platelets via PEAR1 and PI3Kβ. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2023; 21(1): 101–116. doi: 10.1016/j.jtha.2022.10.008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kardeby C, et al. Heparin and heparin proteoglycan-mimetics activate platelets via PEAR1 and PI3Kβ. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2023; 21(1): 101–116. doi: 10.1016/j.jtha.2022.10.008</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhao P, Metcalf M, Bunnett NW. Biased Signaling of Protease-Activated Receptors. Front. Endocrinol. 2014; 5: 67. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00067</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhao P, Metcalf M, Bunnett NW. Biased Signaling of Protease-Activated Receptors. Front. Endocrinol. 2014; 5: 67. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00067</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Webb EM, Seymour K, Hamm HE. Trypsin Activates Human Platelets via Proteolytic Cleavage of Protease-Activated Receptor 4. Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2025. doi: 10.1055/a-2747-9083</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Webb EM, Seymour K, Hamm HE. Trypsin Activates Human Platelets via Proteolytic Cleavage of Protease-Activated Receptor 4. Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2025. doi: 10.1055/a-2747-9083</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
