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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">actabiomedica</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Acta Biomedica Scientifica</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Acta Biomedica Scientifica</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2541-9420</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-9596</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Centre for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29413/ABS.2026-11.4.21</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">actabiomedica-6336</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCHES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Взаимосвязь между экспрессией контрольных точек иммунитета и цитокинового профиля М2-подобных макрофагов, индуцированных эффероцитозом</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Association between immune checkpoint expression and the cytokine profile of M2-like macrophages induced by efferocytosis</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0884-0226</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Максимова</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Maksimova</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Максимова Александра Александровна – кандидат медицинских наук, научный сотрудник лаборатории клеточной иммунотерапии </p><p>630099, Новосибирская область, г. Новосибирск, ул. Ядринцевская, д.14</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksandra A. Maksimova – Cand. Sc. (Med.), researcher at the Laboratory of Cellular Immunotherapy</p><p>Yadrintsevskaya str., 14, Novosibirskaya obl., Novosibirsk 630099</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">parkinson.dses@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7987-2017</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тыринова</surname><given-names>Т. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tyrinova</surname><given-names>T. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Тыринова Тамара Викторовна – доктор биологических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории клеточной иммунотерапии</p><p>630099, Новосибирская область, г. Новосибирск, ул. Ядринцевская, д.14</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tamara V. Tyrinova – Dr. Sc. (Biol.), lead researcher at the Laboratory of Cellular Immunotherapy</p><p>Yadrintsevskaya str., 14, Novosibirskaya obl., Novosibirsk 630099</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tyrinova@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3290-7910</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сахно</surname><given-names>Л. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sakhno</surname><given-names>L. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сахно Людмила Васильевна – кандидат биологических наук, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории клеточной иммунотерапии</p><p>630099, Новосибирская область, г. Новосибирск, ул. Ядринцевская, д.14</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ludmila V. Sakhno – Cand. Sc. (Biol.), senior researcher at the Laboratory of Cellular Immunotherapy </p><p>Yadrintsevskaya str., 14, Novosibirskaya obl., Novosibirsk 630099</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lsahno53@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2366-1667</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тихонова</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tikhonova</surname><given-names>M. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Тихонова Марина Александровна – кандидат биологических наук, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории клеточной иммунотерапии</p><p>630099, Новосибирская область, г. Новосибирск, ул. Ядринцевская, д.14</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Marina A. Tikhonova – Cand. Sc. (Biol.), senior researcher at the Laboratory of Cellular Immunotherapy</p><p>Yadrintsevskaya str., 14, Novosibirskaya obl., Novosibirsk 630099</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">martix-59@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8997-3586</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шевела</surname><given-names>Е. Я.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shevela</surname><given-names>E. Ya.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шевела Екатерина Яковлевна – доктор медицинских наук, ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории клеточной иммунотерапии</p><p>630099, Новосибирская область, г. Новосибирск, ул. Ядринцевская, д.14</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina Ya. Shevela – Dr. Sc. (Med.), lead researcher at the Laboratory of Cellular Immunotherapy</p><p>Yadrintsevskaya str., 14, Novosibirskaya obl., Novosibirsk 630099</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">shevelak@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6895-938X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Останин</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ostanin</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Останин Александр Анатольевич – доктор медицинских наук, главный научный сотрудник лаборатории клеточной иммунотерапии</p><p>630099, Новосибирская область, г. Новосибирск, ул. Ядринцевская, д.14</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksandr A. Ostanin – Dr. Sc. (Med.), chief researcher at the Laboratory of Cellular Immunotherapy</p><p>Yadrintsevskaya str., 14, Novosibirskaya obl., Novosibirsk 630099</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ostanin62@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2346-6279</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Черных</surname><given-names>Е. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chernykh</surname><given-names>E. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Черных Елена Рэмовна  – доктор медицинских наук, заведующая лабораторией клеточной иммунотерапии Ф</p><p>630099, Новосибирская область, г. Новосибирск, ул. Ядринцевская, д.14</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena R. Chernykh – Dr. Sc. (Med.), head of the Laboratory of Cellular Immunotherapy </p><p>Yadrintsevskaya str., 14, Novosibirskaya obl., Novosibirsk 630099</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ct_lab@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт фундаментальной&#13;
и клинической иммунологии»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution «Research Institute&#13;
of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology»</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт фундаментальной&#13;
и клинической иммунологии»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution «Research Institute&#13;
of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology» (Yadrintsevskaya str., 14, Novosibirskaya obl., Novosibirsk 630099</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>17</day><month>10</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>205</fpage><lpage>214</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Максимова А.А., Тыринова Т.В., Сахно Л.В., Тихонова М.А., Шевела Е.Я., Останин А.А., Черных Е.Р., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Максимова А.А., Тыринова Т.В., Сахно Л.В., Тихонова М.А., Шевела Е.Я., Останин А.А., Черных Е.Р.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Maksimova A.A., Tyrinova T.V., Sakhno L.V., Tikhonova M.А., Shevela E.Y., Ostanin A.A., Chernykh E.R.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.actabiomedica.ru/jour/article/view/6336">https://www.actabiomedica.ru/jour/article/view/6336</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Обоснование</title><p>Обоснование. Ранее в нашей лаборатории был разработан протокол получения макрофагов с выраженной противовоспалительной и репаративной/ нейрорегенераторной активностью, поляризующим фактором для которых является взаимодействие с апоптотическими клетками – эффероцитоз (M2(Eff)). Благодаря уникальному секретому данные клетки являются перспективными кандидатами для клеточной терапии заболеваний, ассоциированных с нейровоспалением. Однако экспрессия ингибиторных рецепторов PD-1 и TIM-3 на M2(Eff) и их связь с продукцией цитокинов остается невыясненной.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Охарактеризовать экспрессию PD-1 и TIM-3 на макрофагах М2(Eff) и определить их роль в регуляции продукции прои противовоспалительных цитокинов (IL-10 и TNF-α).</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Макрофаги получали из моноцитов периферической крови здоровых доноров. Экспрессию PD-1 и TIM-3, а также продукцию IL-10 и TNF-α анализировали методом проточной цитометрии. Для оценки вклада PD-1 и TIM-3 в цитокин-секреторную активность клетки предварительно обрабатывали соответствующими блокирующими антителами и далее определяли внутриклеточный уровень IL-10 и TNF-α.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. М2(Eff) отличались более высоким уровнем PD-1 и TIM-3 по сравнению с М1 культурами, преимущественно за счет клеток с сочетанной экспрессией данных маркеров, а также более высоким PD-1 и более низким TIM-3 по сравнению с «классическими» М2 макрофагами, поляризованными интерлейкином 4. Доля IL-10+ клеток была выше в культурах М2(Eff), экспрессирующих PD-1, а также в TIM-3-экспрессирующих клетках после стимуляции макрофагов липополисахаридом по сравнению с оппозитными популяциями. Уровень TNF-α был выше в TIM-3+ макрофагах. Блокирование PD-1 на этапе стимуляции липополисахаридом увеличивало долю TNF-α+ клеток, тогда как блокирование TIM-3 не оказывало такого эффекта.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Макрофаги M2(Eff) характеризуются уникальным профилем экспрессии PD-1 и TIM-3, и эти молекулы ассоциированы с продукцией цитокинов IL-10 и TNF-α.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Background. We previously developed a protocol for generating macrophages with pronounced anti-inflammatory and reparative/neuroregenerative activity, polarized by efferocytosis (M2(Eff)). Due to their unique secretome, these cells are promising candidates for cell therapy of neuroinflammatory diseases. However, the expression of the inhibitory receptors PD-1 and TIM-3 on M2(Eff) and its relationship with cytokine production remain unclear.</p></sec><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. To characterize PD-1 and TIM-3 expression on M2(Eff) macrophages and determine their role in the regulation of proand anti-inflammatory cytokine production (IL-10 and TNF-α).</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. Macrophages were differentiated from peripheral blood monocytes of healthy donors. PD-1 and TIM-3 expression, as well as IL-10 and TNF-α production, were assessed by flow cytometry. To evaluate the contribution of PD-1 and TIM-3 to cytokine secretion, cells were pre-treated with blocking antibodies, followed by assessment of intracellular IL-10 and TNF-α levels.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. M2(Eff) exhibited higher PD-1 and TIM-3 levels compared to M1 cultures, primarily due to cells co-expressing both markers. M2(Eff) also had higher levels of PD-1 and lower levels of TIM-3 compared to “classical” M2 macrophages polarized by IL-4. The proportion of IL-10-positive cells was higher in M2(Eff) cultures expressing PD-1, as well as in TIM-3-expressing cells after lipopolysaccharide stimulation, compared to the negative populations. TNF-α levels were higher in TIM-3-positive macrophages compared to TIM-3-negative ones. PD-1 blockade during lipopolysaccharide stimulation increased the proportion of TNF-α-expressing cells, whereas TIM-3 blockade had no such effect.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. M2(Eff) macrophages induced by apoptotic cells display a unique PD-1 and TIM-3 expression profile. Moreover, PD-1 and TIM-3 are associated with IL-10 and TNF-α production.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>макрофаги</kwd><kwd>чек-поинт</kwd><kwd>цитокины</kwd><kwd>PD-1</kwd><kwd>TIM-3</kwd><kwd>проточная цитометрия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Macrophages</kwd><kwd>Immune Checkpoint Proteins</kwd><kwd>Cytokines</kwd><kwd>Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor (PD-1)</kwd><kwd>HAVCR2 protein (TIM-3)</kwd><kwd>Flow Cytometry</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено в рамках плановой темы НИР ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт фундаментальной и клинической иммунологии» Минобрнауки России FGMN-2024-0011 (рег. № 124112900022-0)</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rezazadeh-Gavgani E, Majidazar R, Lotfinejad P, Kazemi T, Shamekh A. 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