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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">actabiomedica</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Acta Biomedica Scientifica</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Acta Biomedica Scientifica</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2541-9420</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-9596</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Centre for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29413/ABS.2026-11.2.10</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">actabiomedica-6069</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МИКРОБИОЛОГИЯ И ВИРУСОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MICROBIOLOGY AND VIRUSOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Разработка мукозального адъюванта на основе мутантного иммуноглобулин-связывающего домена белка А Staphylococcus aureus</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Development of mucosal adjuvant based on a mutant immunoglobulin binding domain of protein A from Staphylococcus aureus</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5028-5647</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Волосникова</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Volosnikova</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Волосникова Екатерина Александровна – кандидат биологических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник, заведующая отделом разработки технологий и пилотного производства биопрепаратов.</p><p>630559, р.п. Кольцово, Новосибирская область</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina A. Volosnikova – Cand. Sc. (Biol.), Leading Researcher, Head of the Department of Technology Development and Pilot Production of Biopreparations, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology «Vector», Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being.</p><p>Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region 630559</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">volosnikova_ea@vector.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9006-8313</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Есина</surname><given-names>Т. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Esina</surname><given-names>T. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Есина Татьяна Игоревна – научный сотрудник отдела разработки технологий и пилотного производства биопрепаратов.</p><p>630559, р.п. Кольцово, Новосибирская область</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatiana I. Esina – Researcher, Department of Technology Development and Pilot Production of Biopreparations, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology «Vector», Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being.</p><p>Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region 630559</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">esina_ti@vector.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5010-9424</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Волкова</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Volkova</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Волкова Наталья Вячеславовна – кандидат биологических наук, научный сотрудник лаборатории молекулярной и синтетической биологии.</p><p>630559, р.п. Кольцово, Новосибирская область</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natalia V. Volkova – Cand. Sc. (Biol.), Researcher, Laboratory of Molecular and Synthetic Biology, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology «Vector», Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being.</p><p>Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region 630559</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">volkova_nv@vector.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0276-7229</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гайворонский</surname><given-names>С. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gayvoronskiy</surname><given-names>S. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гайворонский Сергей Игоревич – стажер-исследователь лаборатории молекулярной и синтетической биологии.</p><p>630559, р.п. Кольцово, Новосибирская область</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey I. Gayvoronskiy – Intern Researcher, Laboratory of Molecular and Synthetic Biology, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology «Vector», Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being.</p><p>Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region 630559</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">gajvoronskij_si@vector.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8986-0477</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гогина</surname><given-names>Я. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gogina</surname><given-names>Ya. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гогина Яна Станиславовна – старший научный сотрудник отдела разработки технологий и пилотного производства биопрепаратов.</p><p>630559, р.п. Кольцово, Новосибирская область</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yana S. Gogina – Senior Researcher, Department of Technology Development and Pilot Production of Biopreparations, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology «Vector», Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being.</p><p>Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region 630559</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">gogina_yas@vector.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2652-8434</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рар</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rar</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Рар Анастасия Анатольевна – инженер-микробиолог отдела разработки технологий и пилотного производства биопрепаратов.</p><p>630559, р.п. Кольцово, Новосибирская область</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anastasiya A. Rar – Engineer Microbiologist, Department of Technology Development and Pilot Production of Biopreparations, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology «Vector», Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being.</p><p>Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region 630559</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rar_aa@vector.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1078-7033</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шимина</surname><given-names>Г. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shimina</surname><given-names>G. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шимина Галина Григорьевна – научный сотрудник отдела биологических исследований.</p><p>630559, р.п. Кольцово, Новосибирская область</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Galina G. Shimina – Researcher, Department of Biological Studies, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology «Vector», Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being.</p><p>Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region 630559</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">shimina_gg@vector.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5026-1602</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Даниленко</surname><given-names>Е. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Danilenko</surname><given-names>E. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Даниленко Елена Дмитриевна – кандидат биологических наук, директор Института медицинской биотехнологии.</p><p>630559, р.п. Кольцово, Новосибирская область</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena D. Danilenko – Cand. Sc. (Biol.), director of the Institute of Medical Biotechnology, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology «Vector» of Rospotrebnadzor, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology «Vector», Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being.</p><p>Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region 630559</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">danilenko_ed@vector.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8023-4453</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щербаков</surname><given-names>Д. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shcherbakov</surname><given-names>D. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Щербаков Дмитрий Николаевич – кандидат биологических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник, заведующий лабораторией молекулярной и синтетической биологии.</p><p>630559, р.п. Кольцово, Новосибирская область</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitry N. Shcherbakov – Cand. Sc. (Biol.), Leading Researcher, Head of the Laboratory of Molecular and Synthetic Biology, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology «Vector», Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being.</p><p>Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region 630559</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dnshcherbakov@gmail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН Государственный научный центр вирусологии и биотехнологии «Вектор» Роспотребнадзора</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “VECTOR”, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>98</fpage><lpage>107</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Волосникова Е.А., Есина Т.И., Волкова Н.В., Гайворонский С.И., Гогина Я.С., Рар А.А., Шимина Г.Г., Даниленко Е.Д., Щербаков Д.Н., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Волосникова Е.А., Есина Т.И., Волкова Н.В., Гайворонский С.И., Гогина Я.С., Рар А.А., Шимина Г.Г., Даниленко Е.Д., Щербаков Д.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Volosnikova E.A., Esina T.I., Volkova N.V., Gayvoronskiy S.I., Gogina Y.S., Rar A.A., Shimina G.G., Danilenko E.D., Shcherbakov D.N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.actabiomedica.ru/jour/article/view/6069">https://www.actabiomedica.ru/jour/article/view/6069</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Обоснование</title><p>Обоснование. Разработка эффективных и безопасных адъювантов для мукозальных вакцин остается одной из ключевых задач современной иммунологии, поскольку традиционные адъюванты (например, соли алюминия) не обеспечивают достаточной стимуляции местного иммунитета, включая продукцию секреторного IgA. В связи с этим, получение новых доступных и эффективных адъювантов является актуальной задачей.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Разработка рекомбинантного белка A4Z на основе Z-домена белка А Staphylococcus aureus и исследование возможности его использования в качестве мукозального адъюванта на модели субъединичной вакцины.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Методами генной инженерии был сконструирован синтетический ген, кодирующий белок A4Z, состоящий из четырех повторов мутантного Z-домена белка А (с аминокислотными заменами N3A, N6D, N23T для снижения токсичности) и C-концевой гексагистидиновой последовательности. Для наработки белка использовали E. Coli штамм BL21(DE3). Очистку проводили с помощью двухстадийной хроматографии: аффинной и ионообменной. Острую токсичность оценивали на мышах CD-1 при внутрибрюшинном введении доз до 2 г/кг. Адъювантные свойства изучали на мышах Balb/c при интраназальной иммунизации конъюгатом белка A4Z с RBD-доменом спайкового белка SARS-CoV-2. Иммуногенность оценивали по титрам специфических IgG-антител в ИФА.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Показано, что белок A4Z является практически нетоксичным (4 класс опасности), не вызывая гибели животных или значительных токсических эффектов даже в дозе 2 г/кг. Интраназальное введение конъюгата A4Z с RBD индуцировало высокий уровень специфических IgG-антител, титры которых статистически не отличались от таковых при внутримышечной иммунизации и достоверно (p &lt; 0,05) превосходили титры в группах контроля (RBD без адъюванта или в комплексе с хитозаном).</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Полученные данные свидетельствуют о перспективности использования белка A4Z в качестве мукозального адъюванта, способного усиливать гуморальный иммунитет. Дальнейшие исследования будут направлены на изучение его влияния на местный IgA-ответ и клеточный иммунитет.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Background. The development of efficient and safe adjuvants for mucosal vaccines remains one of the key challenges in modern immunology, as traditional adjuvants, such as aluminum salts, have been shown to be insufficient in stimulating local immunity, particularly the production of secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA). Therefore, the development of novel, potent and cost-effective adjuvants presents a significant opportunity.</p></sec><sec><title>The aim</title><p>The aim. Development of a recombinant A4Z protein based on the Z-domain of Staphylococcus aureus protein A and investigation of its potential use as a mucosal adjuvant in a subunit vaccine model.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. A synthetic gene encoding the A4Z protein was constructed using genetic engineering methods. The protein consists of four repeats of the mutant Z-domain of protein A (with N3A, N6D, N23T amino acid substitutions to reduce toxicity) and a C-terminal hexahistidine tag. The protein was expressed in the E. coli BL21(DE3) system. Purification was performed using a two-step chromatography process: affinity chromatography and ion-exchange chromatography. Acute toxicity was assessed in CD-1 mice following intraperitoneal administration of doses up to 2 g/kg. The adjuvant properties were studied in Balb/c mice via intranasal immunization with a conjugate of the A4Z protein and the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein’s RBD domain. Immunogenicity was evaluated by measuring specific IgG antibody titers using ELISA.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The A4Z protein was shown to be virtually nontoxic (hazard class 4), causing no animal mortality or significant toxic effects even at a dose of 2 g/kg. Intranasal administration of the A4Z conjugate with RBD induced high levels of specific IgG antibodies, the titers of which were not statistically different from those obtained with intramuscular immunization and significantly (p &lt; 0.05) exceeded the titers in the control groups (RBD without adjuvant or in combination with chitosan).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. These findings highlight the potential of A4Z as a promising mucosal adjuvant capable of enhancing humoral immunity. Further research should focus on investigating its effects on the local IgA response and cellular immunity.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>мукозальные адъюванты</kwd><kwd>Z-домен белка А Staphylococcus aureus</kwd><kwd>интраназальная иммунизация</kwd><kwd>гуморальный иммунный ответ</kwd><kwd>RBD-домен SARS-CoV-2</kwd><kwd>малотоксичный адъювант</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>mucosal vaccine adjuvants</kwd><kwd>Z-domain of Staphylococcus aureus protein A</kwd><kwd>intranasal immunization</kwd><kwd>humoral immune response</kwd><kwd>SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD)</kwd><kwd>low-toxicity</kwd><kwd>adjuvant</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках Государственного задания, Тема ГЗ-23/26 «Разработка и изучение новых адьювантных систем».</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wiedinger K, Pinho D, Bitsaktsis C. 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