actabiomedicaActa Biomedica ScientificaActa Biomedica Scientifica2541-94202587-9596Scientific Centre for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems10.29413/ABS.2025-10.4.14actabiomedica-5561Research ArticleМОРФОЛОГИЯ, ФИЗИОЛОГИЯ И ПАТОФИЗИОЛОГИЯMORPHOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGYФункциональная роль ганглиозидов в клеточных мембранах: от физиологии к патогенезуFunctional role of gangliosides in cell membranes: from physiology to pathogenesishttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6235-8732УстиновЕ. М.UstinovE. M.

Устинов Егор Михайлович – младший научный сотрудник лаборатории механизмов этиопатогенеза и восстановительных процессов дыхательной системы при неспецифических заболеваниях легких

675000; г. Благовещенск; ул. Калинина; 22

Egor M. Ustinov – junior researcher at the laboratory of mechanisms of etiopathogenesis and recovery processes of the respiratory system in nonspecific lung diseases

Kalinina Str.; 22; Blagoveshchensk 675000

eustinov.asma@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0212-0201АндриевскаяИ. А.AndrievskayaI. A.

Андриевская Ирина Анатольевна – доктор биологических наук; заведующий лабораторией механизмов этиопатогенеза и восстановительных процессов дыхательной системы при неспецифических заболеваниях легких

675000; г. Благовещенск; ул. Калинина; 22

Irina A. Andrievskaya – Dr. Sc. (Biol.); head of the laboratory of mechanisms of etiopathogenesis and recovery processes of the respiratory system in chronic respiratory diseases

Kalinina Str.; 22; Blagoveshchensk 675000

irina-andrievskaja@rambler.ruФедеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение «Дальневосточный научный центр физиологии и патологии дыхания» (ДНЦ ФПД)Far Eastern Research Center for Physiology and Pathology of Respiration202523092025104140150Copyright © Устинов Е.М., Андриевская И.А., 20252025Устинов Е.М., Андриевская И.А.Ustinov E.M., Andrievskaya I.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.actabiomedica.ru/jour/article/view/5561

Ганглиозиды — сложные гликосфинголипиды; являющиеся важнейшими компонентами клеточных мембран и активно участвующие в регуляции множества биологических процессов. Несмотря на обширные данные об их биохимических свойствах; до настоящего времени недостаточно полно изучены механизмы их участия в патогенезе различных заболеваний и возможности терапевтического воздействия. В статье рассмотрены биохимические особенности ганглиозидов; механизмы их кластеризации в мембранных микродоменах; особенности взаимодействия с белками и патогенами; а также связь нарушений их метаболизма с развитием тяжелых патологий; таких как болезнь Альцгеймера; Паркинсона; Гентинктона и боковой амиотрофический склероз. Кроме того; многие вирусы; включая SARS-CoV-2; используют ганглиозидные рецепторы для первичного контакта с клеткой. Анализируются перспективы использования ганглиозидов и их производных в качестве биомаркеров и терапевтических мишеней; обсуждаются современные подходы к направленному воздействию на ганглиозид-зависимые патологические процессы. Настоящий обзор представляет собой критический междисциплинарный анализ актуальных данных нейробиологии; иммунологии и инфекционной патологии и подчеркивает уникальную роль ганглиозидов как универсальных регуляторов клеточного ответа на различные стрессовые воздействия. Полученные выводы могут быть использованы для дальнейшего изучения молекулярных механизмов патогенеза и разработки инновационных стратегий диагностики и терапии ганглиозид-ассоциированных заболеваний.

Цель обзора. Обобщить современные представления о структуре и функциях ганглиозидов; их влиянии на клеточную активность и вовлеченности в развитие нейродегенеративных; инфекционных и аутоиммунных заболеваний.

Gangliosides are complex glycosphingolipids that constitute essential components of cell membranes and actively participate in the regulation of numerous biological processes. Although their biochemical properties have been extensively documented; the mechanisms by which they contribute to disease pathogenesis – and the opportunities they offer for therapeutic intervention – remain incompletely understood. This review outlines the biochemical characteristics of gangliosides; the principles of their clustering within membrane microdomains; and the distinctive features of their interactions with proteins and pathogens. Particular attention is given to how perturbations in ganglioside metabolism are linked to major disorders such as Alzheimer’s; Parkinson’s; Huntington’s diseases; and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In addition; many viruses; including SARS-CoV-2; exploit ganglioside receptors during initial cell attachment.

The prospects of employing gangliosides and their derivatives as biomarkers and therapeutic targets are critically analyzed; and contemporary strategies aimed at modulating ganglioside-dependent pathological processes are discussed. Drawing on recent advances in neurobiology; immunology; and infectious disease research; this interdisciplinary review highlights the unique role of gangliosides as universal regulators of cellular responses to diverse stressors. The conclusions presented here may guide future studies of molecular pathogenesis and foster the development of innovative diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for ganglioside-associated diseases.

The aim. To synthesize current knowledge on the structure and functions of ganglio- sides; their influence on cellular activity and their involvement in neurodegenerative; infectious and autoimmune disorders.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.