<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">actabiomedica</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Acta Biomedica Scientifica</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Acta Biomedica Scientifica</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2541-9420</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-9596</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Centre for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29413/ABS.2025-10.1.6</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">actabiomedica-5211</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГЕНЕТИКА, ПРОТЕОМИКА И МЕТАБОЛОМИКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>GENETICS, PROTEOMICS AND METABOLOMICS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Исследование потенциальных событий рекомбинации в белок-кодирующей области CRISPR-Cas локусов в  геномах разных серовариантов Salmonella enterica методами in silico</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The study of potential recombination events in the protein-coding regions of CRISPR-Cas loci in the genomes of different Salmonella enterica serovariants using in silico methods</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2222-4518</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Арефьева</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Arefieva</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Арефьева Надежда Александровна – младший научный сотрудник лаборатории молекулярной эпидемиологии и  генетической диагностики, 664003, г. Иркутск, ул. Тимирязева, 16;</p><p>лаборант-исследователь лаборатории молекулярной вирусологии и биотехнологии Научно-исследовательского института биомедицинских технологий, 664003, г. Иркутск, ул. Красного Восстания, 1;</p><p>аспирант, 664003, г. Иркутск, ул. Карла Маркса, 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nadezhda A. Arefieva – Junior Research Officer at the Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Genetic Diagnostics, Timiryazeva str. 16, Irkutsk 664003;</p><p>Research Assistant at the Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biotechnology, Research Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Krasnogo Vosstaniya str. 1, Irkutsk 664003;</p><p>Postgraduate, Karla Marksa str. 1, Irkutsk 664004</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">arefieva.n4@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4534-3846</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Букин</surname><given-names>Ю. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bukin</surname><given-names>Yu. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Букин Юрий Сергеевич – кандидат биологических наук, старший научный сотрудник,</p><p>664033, г. Иркутск, ул. Улан-Баторская, 3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yurij S. Bukin – Senior Research Officer, Limnological Institute, </p><p>Ulan-Batorskaya str. 3, Irkutsk 664033</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">bukinyura@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7937-1382</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Эрдынеев</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Erdyneev</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Эрдынеев Сергей Викторович – аспирант кафедры микробиологии, вирусологии и иммунологии, </p><p>664003, г. Иркутск, ул. Красного Восстания, 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey V. Erdyneev – Postgraduate at the Department of Microbiology, Virology and  Immunology,</p><p>Krasnogo Vosstaniya str. 1, Irkutsk 664003</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">orry230@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5410-5113</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Джиоев</surname><given-names>Ю. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dzhioev</surname><given-names>Yu. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Джиоев Юрий Павлович – кандидат биологических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник, заведующий лабораторией молекулярной вирусологии и биотехнологии Научно-исследовательского института биомедицинских технологий, </p><p>664003, г. Иркутск, ул. Красного Восстания, 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yuri P. Dzhioev – Cand. Sc. (Biol.), Leading Research Officer, Head of the Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biotechnology, Research Institute of Biomedical Sciences, </p><p>Krasnogo Vosstaniya str. 1, Irkutsk 664003</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alanir07@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0127-5826</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мирошниченко</surname><given-names>Л. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Miroshnichenko</surname><given-names>L. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мирошниченко Любовь Александровна – кандидат технических наук, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории анализа данных, </p><p>630090, Новосибирск, пр. Академика Коптюга, 4</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Lyubov A. Miroshnichenko – Cand. Sc. (Tech.), Senior Research Officer at the Laboratory of Data Analysis, </p><p>Akademika Koptyuga Ave. 4, Novosibirsk 630090</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">luba@math.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Научный центр проблем здоровья семьи и репродукции человека»;&#13;
ФГБОУ ВО «Иркутский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России;&#13;
ФГБОУ ВО «Иркутский государственный университет»</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Scientific Centre for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems;&#13;
Irkutsk State Medical University;&#13;
Irkutsk State University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУН Лимнологический институт СО РАН</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Иркутский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Irkutsk State Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУН Институт математики им. С.Л. Соболева СО РАН</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Sobolev Institute of Mathematics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>17</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>59</fpage><lpage>68</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Арефьева Н.А., Букин Ю.С., Эрдынеев С.В., Джиоев Ю.П., Мирошниченко Л.А., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Арефьева Н.А., Букин Ю.С., Эрдынеев С.В., Джиоев Ю.П., Мирошниченко Л.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Arefieva N.A., Bukin Y.S., Erdyneev S.V., Dzhioev Y.P., Miroshnichenko L.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.actabiomedica.ru/jour/article/view/5211">https://www.actabiomedica.ru/jour/article/view/5211</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Обоснование</title><p>Обоснование. Исследование процессов гомологичной рекомбинации в области cas-генов у Salmonella enterica позволит выяснить фундаментальные механизмы эволюции CRISPR-Cas систем, что важно для изучения возникновения у данного патогена резистентности к фагам.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель работы</title><p>Цель работы. Исследование процессов рекомбинации в белок-кодирующей части CRISPR-Cas локусов в геномах сероваров Salmonella Enteritidis, Infantis и Typhimurium, используя методы in silico.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и  методы</title><p>Материалы и  методы. Геномные последовательности серовариантов Salmonella Enteritidis, Infantis и  Typhimurium были скачаны из  базы данных NCBI GenBank. Кодирующие последовательности cas-генов были извлечены из геномов и выровнены с учётом позиции кодона. В полученном выравнивании был выполнен поиск событий рекомбинации. Проведена верификация событий рекомбинации.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Найдено 7683  потенциальных события рекомбинации в  области cas-локуса в  геноме S.  enterica. Среди них верифицировано 810  (10,54  %)  событий; 45  (0,59  %)  событий были идентифицированы как результаты конвергентной эволюции. События рекомбинации детектируются чаще между штаммами, принадлежащими разным серовариантам, чем  между штаммами, принадлежащими одному сероварианту. Все сероварианты могут рекомбинировать друг с другом, однако чаще всего рекомбинация происходит между штаммами Enteritidis и  Infantis и  между Typhimurium и Infantis. Не было найдено ни одного события рекомбинации между штаммами сероварианта Enteritidis. События конвергентной адаптивной эволюции в основном локализованы в генах эффекторного модуля: cas5, cas6, cas7.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Показано, что гомологичная рекомбинация часто происходит в геноме S. enterica в области cas-генов. Биоинформатические алгоритмы находят больше событий рекомбинации между эволюционно более отдалёнными штаммами, что не согласуется с известными исследованиями, проведёнными in vitro.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Background. The  study of  recombination processes in  the  CRISPR-Cas loci of Salmonella enterica can help investigate the fundamental evolutionary mechanisms of  the  CRISPR-Cas system to  better understand the  acquisition of  phage resistance.</p></sec><sec><title>The aim of the study</title><p>The aim of the study. To investigate the recombination processes in the proteincoding regions of CRISPR-Cas loci in the genomes of Salmonella enterica serovars Enteritidis, Infantis, and Typhimurium using in silico methods.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and  methods</title><p>Materials and  methods. The  genomic sequences of  the  Salmonella serovars Enteritidis, Infantis, and  Typhimurium were  downloaded from the  NCBI  GenBank database. The  coding sequences of  cas genes were  extracted from the  genomes and  aligned according to  codon position. Recombination events were  identified in the resulting alignment using multiple algorithms. Verification of recombination events was performed.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. A  total of  7683  potential recombination events were  identified. Among these, 810 (10.54 %) were verified, and 45 (0.59 %) were recognized as results of convergent evolution. Recombination events are  detected more frequently between strains belonging to different serovariants than between those of the same serovariant. All serovariants can recombine with each other; however, recombination primarily occurs between Enteritidis and Infantis strains, as well as between Typhimurium and  Infantis strains. Infantis and  Typhimurium serovariants also exhibit recombination within themselves. No recombination events were found between strains of the Enteritidis serovariant. The events of convergent adaptive evolution were mainly found in the effector module genes: cas5, cas6, cas7.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. It  has  been shown that  homologous recombination often occurs in the S. enterica genome in the region of the cas genes. Bioinformatic algorithms detect more recombination events between evolutionarily more distant strains, which are inconsistent with known in vitro studies.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>гомологичная рекомбинация</kwd><kwd>CRISPR-Cas</kwd><kwd>Salmonella enterica</kwd><kwd>методы in silico</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>homologous recombination</kwd><kwd>CRISPR-Cas</kwd><kwd>Salmonella enterica</kwd><kwd>in silico methods</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено за счёт гранта Российского научного фонда (проект № 23-25-00520).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jajere SM. A review of Salmonella enterica with particular focus on the pathogenicity and virulence factors, host specificity and antimicrobial resistance including multidrug resistance. Vet World. 2019; 12(4): 504-521. doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.504-521</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jajere SM. A review of Salmonella enterica with particular focus on the pathogenicity and virulence factors, host specificity and antimicrobial resistance including multidrug resistance. Vet World. 2019; 12(4): 504-521. doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.504-521</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Семина А.Н. Подбор генов для идентификации Salmonella Enteritidis. Международный научно-исследовательский журнал. 2018; 10-1(76): 108-110. doi: 10.23670/IRJ.2018.76.10.023</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Semina  AN. Selecting genes for Salmonella enteritidis identification. International Research Journal. 2018; 10-1(76): 108-110. (In Russ.). doi: 10.23670/IRJ.2018.76.10.023</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Galán JE. Salmonella Typhimurium and inflammation: A pathogen-centric affair. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2021; 19(11): 716-725. doi: 10.1038/s41579-021-00561-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Galán  JE. Salmonella Typhimurium and  inflammation: A pathogen-centric affair. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2021; 19(11): 716-725. doi: 10.1038/s41579-021-00561-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рожнова С.Ш., Кулешов К.В., Павлова А.С., Гусева А.Н., Кожахметова Т.А., Акулова Н.К., и др. Гетерогенность изолятов нетифоидных сальмонелл из различных источников выделения в Российской Федерации в 2010–2019 гг. Эпидемиология и инфекционные болезни. 2020; 25(1): 26-34. doi: 10.17816/EID35184</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rozhnova SS, Kuleshov KV, Pavlova AS, Guseva AN, Kozhakhmetova TA, Akulova NK, et al. Heterogeneity of Salmonella isolates obtained from various sources in Russia 2010–2019. Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases. 2020; 25(1): 26-34. (In Russ.). doi: 10.17816/EID35184</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pourcel C, Touchon M, Villeriot N, Vernadet JP, Couvin D, Toffano-Nioche C, et al. CRISPRCasdb a successor of CRISPRdb containing CRISPR arrays and cas genes from complete genome sequences, and tools to download and query lists of repeats and spacers. Nucleic Acids Res. 2020; 48(D1): D535-D544. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkz915</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pourcel C, Touchon M, Villeriot N, Vernadet JP, Couvin D, Toffano-Nioche  C, et  al. CRISPRCasdb a  successor of  CRISPRdb containing CRISPR arrays and  cas genes from  complete genome sequences, and  tools to  download and  query lists of  repeats and  spacers. Nucleic Acids Res. 2020; 48(D1): D535-D544. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkz915</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Makarova KS, Koonin EV. Annotation and classification of CRISPR-Cas systems. Methods Mol Biol. 2015; 1311: 47-75. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2687-9_4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Makarova  KS, Koonin  EV. Annotation and  classification of  CRISPR-Cas systems. Methods Mol Biol. 2015; 1311: 47-75. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2687-9_4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Makarova KS, Wolf YI, Iranzo J, Shmakov SA, Alkhnbashi OS, Brouns SJJ, et al. Evolutionary classification of CRISPR-Cas systems: A burst of class 2 and derived variants. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2020; 18(2): 67-83. doi: 10.1038/s41579-019-0299-x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Makarova KS, Wolf YI, Iranzo J, Shmakov SA, Alkhnbashi OS, Brouns SJJ, et al. Evolutionary classification of CRISPR-Cas systems: A burst of class 2 and derived variants. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2020; 18(2): 67-83. doi: 10.1038/s41579-019-0299-x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shikov AE, Malovichko YV, Nizhnikov AA, Antonets KS. Current methods for recombination detection in bacteria. IntJ Mol Sci. 2022; 23(11): 6257. doi: 10.3390/ijms23116257</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shikov AE, Malovichko YV, Nizhnikov AA, Antonets KS. Current methods for recombination detection in bacteria. IntJ Mol Sci. 2022; 23(11): 6257. doi: 10.3390/ijms23116257</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shikov AE, Savina IA, Nizhnikov AA, Antonets KS. Recombination in bacterial genomes: Evolutionary trends. Toxins (Basel). 2023; 15(9): 568. doi: 10.3390/toxins15090568</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shikov AE, Savina IA, Nizhnikov AA, Antonets KS. Recombination in bacterial genomes: Evolutionary trends. Toxins (Basel). 2023; 15(9): 568. doi: 10.3390/toxins15090568</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abascal F, Zardoya R, Telford MJ. TranslatorX: Multiple alignment of nucleotide sequences guided by amino acid translations. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010; 38(Web Server Issue): W7-13. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkq291</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abascal  F, Zardoya  R, Telford  MJ. TranslatorX: Multiple alignment of nucleotide sequences guided by amino acid translations. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010; 38(Web  Server  Issue): W7-13. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkq291</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Martin DP, Varsani A, Roumagnac P, Botha G, Maslamoney S, Schwab T, et al. RDP5: A computer program for analyzing recombination in, and removing signals of recombination from, nucleotide sequence datasets. Virus Evol. 2020; 7(1): veaa087. doi: 10.1093/ve/veaa087</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martin  DP, Varsani  A, Roumagnac  P, Botha  G, Maslamoney S, Schwab T, et al. RDP5: A computer program for analyzing recombination in, and removing signals of recombination from, nucleotide sequence datasets. Virus Evol. 2020; 7(1): veaa087. doi: 10.1093/ve/veaa087</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Martin DP. RDP5 instruction manual. URL: http://web.cbio.uct.ac.za/~darren/RDP5Manual.pdf [date of access: 30.10.2024].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martin  DP. RDP5 instruction manual. URL:  http://web.cbio.uct.ac.za/~darren/RDP5Manual.pdf [date of  access: 30.10.2024].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goldman N, Yang Z. A codon-based model of nucleotide substitution for protein-coding DNA sequences. Mol Biol Evol. 1994; 11(5): 725-736. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040153</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goldman N, Yang Z. A codon-based model of nucleotide substitution for  protein-coding DNA sequences. Mol Biol Evol. 1994; 11(5): 725-736. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040153</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Didelot X, Bowden R, Street T, Golubchik T, Spencer C, McVean G, et al. Recombination and population structure in Salmonella enterica. PLoS Genet. 2011; 7(7): e1002191. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002191</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Didelot  X, Bowden  R, Street T, Golubchik T, Spencer  C, McVean G, et al. Recombination and population structure in Salmonella enterica. PLoS Genet. 2011; 7(7): e1002191. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002191</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fraser C, Hanage WP, Spratt BG. Recombination and the nature of bacterial speciation. Science. 2007; 315(5811): 476-480. doi: 10.1126/science.1127573</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fraser  C, Hanage  WP, Spratt  BG. Recombination and the nature of bacterial speciation. Science. 2007; 315(5811): 476-480. doi: 10.1126/science.1127573</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tay M, Liu S, Yuan YA. Crystal structure of Thermobifida fusca Cse1 reveals target DNA binding site. Protein Sci. 2015; 24(2): 236-245. doi: 10.1002/pro.2609</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tay M, Liu S, Yuan YA. Crystal structure of Thermobifida fusca Cse1 reveals target DNA binding site. Protein Sci. 2015; 24(2): 236-245. doi: 10.1002/pro.2609</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
