<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">actabiomedica</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Acta Biomedica Scientifica</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Acta Biomedica Scientifica</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2541-9420</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-9596</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Centre for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29413/ABS.2024-9.6.12</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">actabiomedica-5124</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МОРФОЛОГИЯ, ФИЗИОЛОГИЯ И ПАТОФИЗИОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MORPHOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Современные представления о роли иммунного статуса и гемостаза в патогенезе сепсиса</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Modern ideas of the role of the immune process and hemostasis in  the  pathogenesis of  sepsis</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6487-9083</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Осиков</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Osikov</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Осиков Михаил Владимирович – доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой патофизиологии, 454092, г. Челябинск, ул. Воровского, 64;</p><p>руководитель отдела научной работы, 454048, г. Челябинск, ул. Воровского, 70</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mikhail V. Osikov – Dr. Sc. (Med.), Professor, Head of the Department of Pathophysiology, Vorovskogo str. 64, Chelyabinsk 454092;</p><p>Head of the Department of Scientific Work, Vorovskogo str. 70, Chelyabinsk 454048</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">prof.osikov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7884-9675</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Телешева</surname><given-names>Л. Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Telesheva</surname><given-names>L. F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Телешева Лариса Фёдоровна – доктор медицинских наук, профессор кафедры микробиологии, вирусологии и иммунологии, </p><p>454092, г. Челябинск, ул. Воровского, 64</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Larisa  F. Telesheva – Dr.  Sc. (Med.), Professor at  the  Department of  Microbiology, Virology and  Immunology, </p><p>Vorovskogo str. 64, Chelyabinsk 454092</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">teleshevalarisa@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3275-6721</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Конашов</surname><given-names>А. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Konashov</surname><given-names>A. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Конашов Алексей Геннадьевич – кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры патофизиологии, 454092, г. Челябинск, ул. Воровского, 64;</p><p>заместитель главного врача по лечебной части, 454071, г. Челябинск, ул. Горького, 28</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksey G. Konashov – Cand. Sc. (Med.), Associate Professor at the Department of Pathophysiology, Vorovskogo str. 64, Chelyabinsk 454092;</p><p>Deputy Chief Physician for Medicine, Gorkogo str. 28, Chelyabinsk 454071</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vladkag5@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1441-7311</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гусев</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gusev</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гусев Андрей Владимирович – старший лаборант кафедры патофизиологии, 454092, г. Челябинск, ул. Воровского, 64;</p><p>врач анестезиолог-реаниматолог, 454071, г. Челябинск, ул. Горького, 28</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andrei V. Gusev – Senior Laboratory Assistant at the Department of Pathophysiology, Vorovskogo str. 64, Chelyabinsk 454092;</p><p>Anesthesiologist and Intensive Care Specialist, Gorkogo str. 28, Chelyabinsk 454071</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">andrejgusev1509@gmail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1905-9155</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Конашов</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Konashov</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Конашов Владислав Алексеевич – лаборант кафедры патофизиологии, 454092, г. Челябинск, ул. Воровского, 64;</p><p>врач приёмного отделения, 454071, г. Челябинск, ул. Горького, 28</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladislav A. Konashov – Laboratory Assistant at the Department of Pathophysiology, Vorovskogo str. 64, Chelyabinsk 454092;</p><p>Physician at the Emergency Department, Gorkogo str. 28, Chelyabinsk 454071</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">konashov74@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Южно-Уральский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России;&#13;
ГБУЗ «Челябинская областная клиническая больница»</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>South Ural State Medical University;&#13;
Chelyabinsk Regional Clinical Hospital</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Южно-Уральский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>South Ural State Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Южно-Уральский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России;&#13;
ГАУЗ Ордена Знак Почёта «Городская клиническая больница № 8 г. Челябинск»</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>South Ural State Medical University;&#13;
Chelyabinsk City Clinical Hospital No. 8</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>118</fpage><lpage>129</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Осиков М.В., Телешева Л.Ф., Конашов А.Г., Гусев А.В., Конашов В.А., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Осиков М.В., Телешева Л.Ф., Конашов А.Г., Гусев А.В., Конашов В.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Osikov M.V., Telesheva L.F., Konashov A.G., Gusev A.V., Konashov V.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.actabiomedica.ru/jour/article/view/5124">https://www.actabiomedica.ru/jour/article/view/5124</self-uri><abstract><p>Патогенез сепсиса как патологического процесса, в основе которого лежит реакция организма в  виде генерализованного (системного) воспаления на инфекцию различной природы, приводящая к остро возникающей полиорганной дисфункции, включает изменения иммунного ответа, дисбаланс провоспалительных и  противовоспалительных механизмов, нарушения гемостаза, расстройства гемодинамики, микроциркуляции, активацию гипоталамо-гипофизарно-надпочечниковой системы, нарушения доставки, потребления, утилизации кислорода. Превалирование провоспалительного компонента над противовоспалительным и повреждение первичных барьерных структур в зоне воспаления предопределяет прорыв воспалительных медиаторов в системный кровоток. Доминирование деструктивных эффектов цитокинов приводит к расстройству микроциркуляторной гемодинамики за пределами первичного очага, запуску синдрома диссеминированного сосудистого свёртывания и органной недостаточности. Для  сепсиса характерен гиперкоагуляционный-гипофибринолитический фенотип изменения гемостаза, иммунотромбоз в результате эндотелиальной дисфункции, активации тромбоцитов, аутокоид-индуцированной коагуляции, активации внешнего и внутреннего путей свёртывания, снижения активности антикоагуляционной и фибринолитической системы. На сегодняшний день активно исследуются маркеры воспаления, которые можно было  бы использовать в  качестве прогностических биомаркеров. В качестве биомаркеров изменения иммунного ответа при сепсисе могут рассматриваться фактор некроза опухоли  α, интерлейкин (IL)  1β, IL-2, интерферон γ, IL-10, HLA-DR (human leukocyte antigen – DR isotype), С3-, С4-, С5-, С1-ингибиторы комплемента, С3а, С5а, иммуноглобулины A, M и G, CD3+CD4+, CD3+CD8+, CD3+CD56+, CD3+CD19+. С целью выявления нарушений гемостаза при сепсисе перспективными биомаркерами могут быть: общее количество тромбоцитов, фактор фон  Виллебранда, фактор  VIII, протеин  С, тромбомодулин, Ингибитор пути тканевого фактора, тканевой активатор плазминогена, ингибитор активатора плазминогена  1, TAFI (thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor). Дальнейшее изучение ииммуннологического и коагуляционного звеньев патогенеза сепсиса позволит определить ключевые диагностические и прогностические биомаркеры сепсиса. Проанализировано 125 литературных источников на площадках eLibrary, Medline, PubMed, РИНЦ, из которых 62 источника соответствуют нашим критериям использования в систематическом обзоре. </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The pathogenesis of sepsis as a pathological process, which is based on the body’s reaction in the form of generalized (systemic) inflammation to an infection of various nature, leading to acute multi-organ dysfunction, includes changes in the immune response, imbalance of  pro-inflammatory and  anti-inflammatory mechanisms, hemostasis disorders, hemodynamic disorders, microcirculation, activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system, and disorders of delivery, consumption, and utilization of oxygen. The predominance of the pro-inflammatory component over the anti-inflammatory one and damage to the primary barrier structures in the area of inflammation predetermines the breakthrough of inflammatory mediators into the  systemic circulation. The  dominance of  the  destructive effects of  cytokines leads to a disorder of microcirculatory hemodynamics outside the primary focus, to the launch of disseminated vascular coagulation syndrome and organ failure. Sepsis is characterized by a hypercoagulable-hypofibrinolytic phenotype of changes in hemostasis, immunothrombosis as a result of endothelial dysfunction, platelet activation, autocoid-induced coagulation, activation of the external and internal coagulation pathways, and a decrease in the activity of the anticoagulation and fibrinolytic systems. Tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin (IL) 1β, IL-2, interferon γ, IL-10, HLA-DR (human leukocyte antigen – DR isotype), C3, C4, C5, C1 complement inhibitors, C3a, C5a, IgA, IgM, IgG, CD3+CD4+, CD3+CD8+, CD3+CD56+, CD3+CD19+ can be considered as biomarkers of changes in the immune response in sepsis. In order to detect hemostasis disorders in sepsis, promising biomarkers may be: total platelet count, von Willebrand factor, factor VIII, protein C, thrombomodulin, tissue factor pathway inhibitor, tissue-type plasminogen activator, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor. Further study of the immunological and coagulation links of the pathogenesis of sepsis will make it possible to determine the key diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of sepsis. We  analyzed 125 literature sources on  the eLibrary, Medline, PubMed, RSCI sites, of which 64 sources met our criteria for use in a systematic review.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сепсис</kwd><kwd>патогенез</kwd><kwd>иммунитет</kwd><kwd>гемостаз</kwd><kwd>биомаркеры</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>sepsis</kwd><kwd>pathogenesis</kwd><kwd>immunity</kwd><kwd>hemostasis</kwd><kwd>biomarkers</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, Shankar-Hari M, Annane D, Bauer M, et al. The Third International Consensus defnitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016; 315(8): 801-810. doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.0287</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, Shankar-Hari M, Annane D, Bauer M, et al. The Third International Consensus defnitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016; 315(8): 801-810. doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.0287</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Руднов В.А., Бельский Д.В., Дехнич А.В., исследовательская группа РИОРИТа. Распространенность инфекций в отделениях реанимации России. Клиническая микробиология и антимикробная химиотерапия. 2011; 13(4): 294-303.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rudnov VA, Belsky DV, Dekhnich AV, RIORITA Study Group. Infections in Russian ICUs: Results of the nationwide multicenter study. Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2011; 13(4): 294-303. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fleischmann-Struzek C, Mellhammar L, Rose N, Cassini A, Rudd KE, Schlattmann P, et al. Incidence and mortality of hospitaland ICU-treated sepsis: Results from an updated and expanded systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2020; 46(8): 1552-1562. doi: 10.1007/s00134-020-06151-x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fleischmann-Struzek C, Mellhammar L, Rose N, Cassini A, Rudd KE, Schlattmann P, et al. Incidence and mortality of hospitaland ICU-treated sepsis: Results from an updated and expanded systematic review and  meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2020; 46(8): 1552-1562. doi: 10.1007/s00134-020-06151-x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Font MD, Thyagarajan B, Khanna AK. Sepsis and septic shock – Basics of diagnosis, pathophysiology and clinical decision making. Med Clin North Am. 2020; 104(4): 573-585. doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2020.02.011</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Font  MD, Thyagarajan  B, Khanna  AK. Sepsis and  septic shock – Basics of diagnosis, pathophysiology and clinical decision making. Med Clin North Am. 2020; 104(4): 573-585. doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2020.02.011</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Blot S, Antonelli M, Arvaniti K, Blot K, Creagh-Brown B, de Lange D, et al. Epidemiology of intra-abdominal infection and sepsis in critically ill patients: “AbSeS”, a multinational observational cohort study and ESICM Trials Group Project. Intensive Care Med. 2019; 45(12): 1703-1717. doi: 10.1007/s00134-019-05819-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blot S, Antonelli M, Arvaniti K, Blot K, Creagh-Brown B, de  Lange  D, et  al. Epidemiology of  intra-abdominal infection and sepsis in critically ill patients: “AbSeS”, a multinational observational cohort study and ESICM Trials Group Project. Intensive Care Med. 2019; 45(12): 1703-1717. doi:  10.1007/s00134-019-05819-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Diekema DJ, Hsueh PR, Mendes RE, Pfaller MA, Rolston KV, Sader HS, et al. The microbiology of bloodstream infection: 20-year trends from the SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2019; 63(7): e00355-19. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00355-19</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Diekema DJ, Hsueh PR, Mendes RE, Pfaller MA, Rolston KV, Sader HS, et al. The microbiology of bloodstream infection: 20-year trends from the SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2019; 63(7): e00355-19. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00355-19</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Holmes CL, Anderson MT, Mobley HLT, Bachman MA. Pathogenesis of gram-negative bacteremia. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2021; 34(2): e00234-20. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00234-20</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Holmes CL, Anderson  MT, Mobley  HLT, Bachman  MA. Pathogenesis of  gram-negative bacteremia. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2021; 34(2): e00234-20. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00234-20</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ramachandran G. Gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial toxins in sepsis: A brief review. Virulence. 2014; 5(1): 213-218. doi: 10.4161/viru.27024</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ramachandran G. Gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial toxins in sepsis: A brief review. Virulence. 2014; 5(1): 213-218. doi: 10.4161/viru.27024</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dickson K, Lehmann C. Inflammatory response to different toxins in experimental sepsis models. Int J Mol Sci. 2019; 20(18): 4341. doi: 10.3390/ijms20184341</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dickson K, Lehmann C. Inflammatory response to different toxins in experimental sepsis models. Int J Mol Sci. 2019; 20(18): 4341. doi: 10.3390/ijms20184341</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wiersinga WJ, van der Poll T. Immunopathophysiology of human sepsis. EBioMedicine. 2022; 86: 104363. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104363</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wiersinga WJ, van  der  Poll T. Immunopathophysiology of  human sepsis. EBioMedicine. 2022; 86: 104363. doi:  10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104363</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W, Antonelli M, Coopersmith CM, French C, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: International guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021. Intensive Care Med. 2021; 47(11): 1181-1247. doi: 10.1007/s00134-021-06506-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Evans  L, Rhodes  A, Alhazzani W, Antonelli  M, Coopersmith  CM, French  C, et  al. Surviving sepsis campaign: International guidelines for  management of  sepsis and  septic shock 2021. Intensive Care Med. 2021; 47(11): 1181-1247. doi: 10.1007/s00134-021-06506-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sivayoham N, Blake LA, Tharimoopantavida SE, Chughtai S, Hussain AN, Rhodes A. Treatment variables associated with outcome in emergency department patients with suspected sepsis. Ann Intensive Care. 2020; 10(1): 136. doi: 10.1186/s13613-020-00747-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sivayoham N, Blake LA, Tharimoopantavida SE, Chughtai  S, Hussain  AN, Rhodes  A. Treatment variables associated with outcome in emergency department patients with suspected sepsis. Ann Intensive Care. 2020; 10(1): 136. doi: 10.1186/s13613-020-00747-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bicking K, Esguerra VG, Peck-Palmer OM, Magari RT, Julian MW, Kleven JM, et al. Monocyte distribution width: A novel indicator of sepsis-2 and sepsis-3 in high-risk emergency department patients. Crit Care Med. 2019; 47(8): 1018-1025. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000003799</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bicking  K, Esguerra VG, Peck-Palmer  OM, Magari  RT, Julian MW, Kleven JM, et al. Monocyte distribution width: A novel indicator of sepsis-2 and sepsis-3 in high-risk emergency department patients. Crit Care Med. 2019; 47(8): 1018-1025. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000003799</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vincent JL, Jones G, David S, Olariu E, Cadwell KK. Frequency and mortality of septic shock in Europe and North America: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2019; 23(1): 196. doi: 10.1186/s13054-019-2478-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vincent  JL, Jones  G, David  S, Olariu  E, Cadwell  KK. Frequency and mortality of septic shock in Europe and North America: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2019; 23(1): 196. doi: 10.1186/s13054-019-2478-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leligdowicz A, Matthay MA. Heterogeneity in sepsis: New biological evidence with clinical applications. Crit Care. 2019; 23(1): 80. doi: 10.1186/s13054-019-2372-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leligdowicz A, Matthay MA. Heterogeneity in sepsis: New biological evidence with clinical applications. Crit Care. 2019; 23(1): 80. doi: 10.1186/s13054-019-2372-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arora J, Mendelson AA, Fox-Robichaud A. Sepsis: Network pathophysiology and implications for early diagnosis. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2023; 324(5): R613-R624. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00003.2023</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arora J, Mendelson AA, Fox-Robichaud A. Sepsis: Network pathophysiology and implications for early diagnosis. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2023; 324(5): R613-R624. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00003.2023</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kozlov AV, Grillari J. Pathogenesis of multiple organ failure: The impact of systemic damage to plasma membranes. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022; 9: 806462. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.806462</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kozlov AV, Grillari J. Pathogenesis of multiple organ failure: The impact of systemic damage to plasma membranes. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022; 9: 806462. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.806462</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sygitowicz G, Sitkiewicz D. Molecular mechanisms of organ damage in sepsis: An overview. Braz J Infect Dis. 2020; 24(6): 552-560. doi: 10.1016/j.bjid.2020.09.004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sygitowicz G, Sitkiewicz D. Molecular mechanisms of organ damage in sepsis: An overview. Braz J Infect Dis. 2020; 24(6): 552-560. doi: 10.1016/j.bjid.2020.09.004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cinelli MA, Do HT, Miley GP, Silverman RB. Inducible nitric oxide synthase: Regulation, structure, and inhibition. Med Res Rev. 2020; 40(1): 158-189. doi: 10.1002/med.21599</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cinelli MA, Do HT, Miley GP, Silverman RB. Inducible nitric oxide synthase: Regulation, structure, and inhibition. Med Res Rev. 2020; 40(1): 158-189. doi: 10.1002/med.21599</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brands X, Haak BW, Klarenbeek AM, Otto NA, Faber DR, Lutter R, et al. Concurrent immune suppression and hyperinflammation in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Front Immunol. 2020; 11: 796. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00796</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brands X, Haak BW, Klarenbeek AM, Otto NA, Faber DR, Lutter R, et al. Concurrent immune suppression and hyperinflammation in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Front Immunol. 2020; 11: 796. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00796</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vachharajani V, McCall CE. Epigenetic and metabolic programming of innate immunity in sepsis. Innate Immun. 2019; 25(5): 267-279. doi: 10.1177/1753425919842320</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vachharajani V, McCall  CE. Epigenetic and  metabolic programming of innate immunity in sepsis. Innate Immun. 2019; 25(5): 267-279. doi: 10.1177/1753425919842320</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nedeva C. Inflammation and cell death of the innate and adaptive immune system during sepsis. Biomolecules. 2021; 11(7): 1011. doi: 10.3390/biom11071011</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nedeva  C. Inflammation and  cell death of  the  innate and adaptive immune system during sepsis. Biomolecules. 2021; 11(7): 1011. doi: 10.3390/biom11071011</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mithal LB, Arshad M, Swigart LR, Khanolkar A, Ahmed A, Coates BM. Mechanisms and modulation of sepsis-induced immune dysfunction in children. Pediatr Res. 2022; 91(2): 447-453. doi: 10.1038/s41390-021-01879-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mithal LB, Arshad M, Swigart LR, Khanolkar A, Ahmed A, Coates  BM. Mechanisms and  modulation of  sepsis-induced immune dysfunction in children. Pediatr Res. 2022; 91(2): 447-453. doi: 10.1038/s41390-021-01879-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kumar V. Toll-like receptors in sepsis-associated cytokine storm and their endogenous negative regulators as future immunomodulatory targets. Int Immunopharmacol. 2020; 89(Pt B): 107087. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107087</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kumar V. Toll-like receptors in sepsis-associated cytokine storm and  their endogenous negative regulators as  future immunomodulatory targets. Int Immunopharmacol. 2020; 89(Pt B): 107087. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107087</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang H, Wang Y, Qu M, Li W, Wu D, Cata JP, et al. Neutrophil, neutrophil extracellular traps and endothelial cell dysfunction in sepsis. Clin Transl Med. 2023; 13(1): e1170. doi: 10.1002/ctm2.1170</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang H, Wang Y, Qu M, Li W, Wu D, Cata JP, et al. Neutrophil, neutrophil extracellular traps and endothelial cell dysfunction in  sepsis. Clin Transl Med. 2023; 13(1): e1170. doi:  10.1002/ctm2.1170</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Joshi I, Carney WP, Rock EP. Utility of monocyte HLADR and rationale for therapeutic GM-CSF in sepsis immunoparalysis. Front Immunol. 2023; 14: 1130214. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1130214</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Joshi I, Carney WP, Rock  EP. Utility of  monocyte HLADR and  rationale for  therapeutic GM-CSF in  sepsis immunoparalysis. Front Immunol. 2023; 14: 1130214. doi:  10.3389/fimmu.2023.1130214</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ma L, Li Q, Cai S, Peng H, Huyan T, Yang H. The role of NK cells in fighting the virus infection and sepsis. Int J Med Sci. 2021; 18(14): 3236-3248. doi: 10.7150/ijms.59898</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ma L, Li Q, Cai S, Peng H, Huyan T, Yang H. The role of NK cells in fighting the virus infection and sepsis. Int J Med Sci. 2021; 18(14): 3236-3248. doi: 10.7150/ijms.59898</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Feng T, Liao X, Yang X, Yang C, Lin F, Guo Y, et al. A shift toward inhibitory receptors and impaired effector functions on NK cells contribute to immunosuppression during sepsis. J Leukoc Biol. 2020; 107(1): 57-67. doi: 10.1002/JLB.4A0818-313RR</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Feng T, Liao X, Yang X, Yang C, Lin F, Guo Y, et al. A shift toward inhibitory receptors and  impaired effector functions on  NK  cells contribute to  immunosuppression during sepsis. J Leukoc Biol. 2020; 107(1): 57-67. doi: 10.1002/JLB.4A0818-313RR</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karasu E, Nilsson B, Köhl J, Lambris JD, Huber-Lang M. Targeting complement pathways in polytrauma- and sepsisinduced multiple-organ dysfunction. Front Immunol. 2019; 10: 543. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00543</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karasu  E, Nilsson  B, Köhl  J, Lambris  JD, Huber-Lang  M. Targeting complement pathways in  polytrauma- and  sepsisinduced multiple-organ dysfunction. Front Immunol. 2019; 10: 543. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00543</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fattahi F, Zetoune FS, Ward PA. Complement as a major inducer of harmful events in infectious sepsis. Shock. 2020; 54(5): 595-605. doi: 10.1097/SHK.0000000000001531</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fattahi F, Zetoune FS, Ward PA. Complement as a major inducer of harmful events in infectious sepsis. Shock. 2020; 54(5): 595-605. doi: 10.1097/SHK.0000000000001531</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brady J, Horie S, Laffey JG. Role of the adaptive immune response in sepsis. Intensive Care Med Exp. 2020; 8(Suppl 1): 20. doi: 10.1186/s40635-020-00309-z</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brady J, Horie S, Laffey JG. Role of the adaptive immune response in sepsis. Intensive Care Med Exp. 2020; 8(Suppl 1): 20. doi: 10.1186/s40635-020-00309-z</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Martin MD, Badovinac VP, Griffith TS. CD4 T cell responses and the sepsis-induced immunoparalysis state. Front Immunol. 2020; 11: 1364. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01364</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martin MD, Badovinac VP, Griffith TS. CD4 T cell responses and  the  sepsis-induced immunoparalysis state. Front Immunol. 2020; 11: 1364. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01364</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dong X, Tu H, Qin S, Bai X, Yang F, Li Z. Insights into the roles of B cells in patients with sepsis. JImmunol Res. 2023; 2023: 7408967. doi: 10.1155/2023/7408967</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dong  X, Tu  H, Qin  S, Bai  X, Yang  F, Li  Z. Insights into the roles of B cells in patients with sepsis. JImmunol Res. 2023; 2023: 7408967. doi: 10.1155/2023/7408967</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tang XD, Ji TT, Dong JR, Feng H, Chen FQ, Chen X, et al. Pathogenesis and treatment of cytokine storm induced by infectious diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2021; 22(23): 13009. doi: 10.3390/ijms222313009</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tang XD, Ji TT, Dong JR, Feng H, Chen FQ, Chen X, et al. Pathogenesis and treatment of cytokine storm induced by infectious diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2021; 22(23): 13009. doi:  10.3390/ijms222313009</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mazer M, Unsinger J, Drewry A, Walton A, Osborne D, Blood T, et al. IL-10 has differential effects on the innate and adaptive immune systems of septic patients. J Immunol. 2019; 203(8): 2088-2099. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900637</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mazer  M, Unsinger  J, Drewry  A, Walton  A, Osborne  D, Blood T, et al. IL-10 has differential effects on the innate and adaptive immune systems of septic patients. J Immunol. 2019; 203(8): 2088-2099. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900637</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Akkaya M, Kwak K, Pierce SK. B cell memory: Building two walls of protection against pathogens. Nat Rev Immunol. 2020; 20(4): 229-238. doi: 10.1038/s41577-019-0244-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akkaya M, Kwak K, Pierce SK. B cell memory: Building two walls of  protection against pathogens. Nat Rev Immunol. 2020; 20(4): 229-238. doi: 10.1038/s41577-019-0244-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dong X, Wang C, Liu X, Gao W, Bai X, Li Z. Lessons learned comparing immune system alterations of bacterial sepsis and SARS-CoV-2 sepsis. Front Immunol. 2020; 11: 598404. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.598404</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dong  X, Wang  C, Liu  X, Gao W, Bai  X, Li  Z. Lessons learned comparing immune system alterations of  bacterial sepsis and SARS-CoV-2 sepsis. Front Immunol. 2020; 11: 598404. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.598404</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu D, Huang SY, Sun JH, Zhang HC, Cai QL, Gao C, et al. Sepsis-induced immunosuppression: Mechanisms, diagnosis and current treatment options. Mil Med Res. 2022; 9(1): 56. doi: 10.1186/s40779-022-00422-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu D, Huang SY, Sun JH, Zhang HC, Cai QL, Gao C, et al. Sepsis-induced immunosuppression: Mechanisms, diagnosis and  current treatment options. Mil Med Res. 2022; 9(1): 56. doi: 10.1186/s40779-022-00422-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hohlstein P, Gussen H, Bartneck M, Warzecha KT, Roderburg C, Buendgens L, et al. Prognostic relevance of altered lymphocyte subpopulations in critical illness and sepsis. J Clin Med. 2019; 8(3): 353. doi: 10.3390/jcm8030353</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hohlstein P, Gussen H, Bartneck M, Warzecha KT, Roderburg C, Buendgens L, et al. Prognostic relevance of altered lymphocyte subpopulations in critical illness and sepsis. J Clin Med. 2019; 8(3): 353. doi: 10.3390/jcm8030353</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fajgenbaum DC, June CH. Cytokine storm. N Engl J Med. 2020; 383(23): 2255-2273. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra2026131</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fajgenbaum DC, June CH. Cytokine storm. N Engl J Med. 2020; 383(23): 2255-2273. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra2026131</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Потапнев М.П. Цитокиновый шторм: причины и последствия. Иммунология. 2021; 42(2): 175-188. doi: 10.33029/0206-4952-2021-42-2-175-188</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Potapnev  MP. Cytokine storm: Causes and consequences. Immunologiya. 2021; 42(2): 175-188. (In  Russ.). doi:  10.33029/0206-4952-2021-42-2-175-188</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Caraballo C, Jaimes F. Organ dysfunction in sepsis: An ominous trajectory from infection to death. Yale J Biol Med. 2019; 92(4): 629-640.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Caraballo  C, Jaimes  F. Organ dysfunction in  sepsis: An  ominous trajectory from  infection to  death. Yale J Biol Med. 2019; 92(4): 629-640.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gavelli F, Castello LM, Avanzi GC. Management of sepsis and septic shock in the emergency department. Intern Emerg Med. 2021; 16(6): 1649-1661. doi: 10.1007/s11739-021-02735-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gavelli F, Castello LM, Avanzi GC. Management of sepsis and septic shock in the emergency department. Intern Emerg Med. 2021; 16(6): 1649-1661. doi: 10.1007/s11739-021-02735-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pan S, Lv Z, Wang R, Shu H, Yuan S, Yu Y, et al. Sepsis-induced brain dysfunction: Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2022; 2022: 1328729. doi: 10.1155/2022/1328729</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pan  S, Lv  Z, Wang  R, Shu  H, Yuan  S, Yu Y, et  al. Sepsis-induced brain dysfunction: Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and  treatment. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2022; 2022: 1328729. doi: 10.1155/2022/1328729</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sun J, Zhang J, Wang X, Ji F, Ronco C, Tian J, et al. Gut-liver crosstalk in sepsis-induced liver injury. Crit Care. 2020; 24(1): 614. doi: 10.1186/s13054-020-03327-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sun J, Zhang J, Wang X, Ji F, Ronco C, Tian J, et al. Gut-liver crosstalk in sepsis-induced liver injury. Crit Care. 2020; 24(1): 614. doi: 10.1186/s13054-020-03327-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ahmadian E, Hosseiniyan Khatibi SM, Razi Soofiyani S, Abediazar S, Shoja MM, Ardalan M, et al. Covid-19 and kidney injury: Pathophysiology and molecular mechanisms. Rev Med Virol. 2021; 31(3): e2176. doi: 10.1002/rmv.2176</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ahmadian  E, Hosseiniyan  Khatibi  SM, Razi  Soofiyani  S, Abediazar S, Shoja MM, Ardalan M, et al. Covid-19 and kidney injury: Pathophysiology and molecular mechanisms. Rev Med Virol. 2021; 31(3): e2176. doi: 10.1002/rmv.2176</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yin J, Chen Y, Huang JL, Yan L, Kuang ZS, Xue MM, et al. Prognosis-related classification and dynamic monitoring of immune status in patients with sepsis: A prospective observational study. World J Emerg Med. 2021; 12(3): 185-191. doi: 10.5847/wjem.j.1920-8642.2021.03.004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yin J, Chen Y, Huang JL, Yan L, Kuang ZS, Xue MM, et al. Prognosis-related classification and  dynamic monitoring of  immune status in patients with sepsis: A prospective observational study. World J Emerg Med. 2021; 12(3): 185-191. doi:  10.5847/wjem.j.1920-8642.2021.03.004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zanza C, Romenskaya T, Manetti AC, Franceschi F, La Russa R, Bertozzi G, et al. Cytokine storm in COVID-19: Immunopathogenesis and therapy. Medicina (Kaunas). 2022; 58(2): 144. doi: 10.3390/medicina58020144</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zanza  C, Romenskaya  T, Manetti  AC, Franceschi  F, La Russa R, Bertozzi G, et al. Cytokine storm in COVID-19: Immunopathogenesis and therapy. Medicina (Kaunas). 2022; 58(2): 144. doi: 10.3390/medicina58020144</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jiménez-Aguilar R, Sánchez-Zauco N, Tiburcio-Felix R, López JZ, Solano-Gutiérrez A, Riera C, et al. Effects of cardiopulmonary bypass on the development of lymphopenia and sepsis after cardiac surgery in children with congenital cardiopathy. Exp Ther Med. 2020; 19(1): 435-442. doi: 10.3892/etm.2019.8241</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jiménez-Aguilar  R, Sánchez-Zauco  N, Tiburcio-Felix  R, López JZ, Solano-Gutiérrez A, Riera C, et al. Effects of cardiopulmonary bypass on the development of lymphopenia and sepsis after cardiac surgery in children with congenital cardiopathy. Exp Ther Med. 2020; 19(1): 435-442. doi: 10.3892/etm.2019.8241</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mollnes TE, Huber-Lang M. Complement in sepsiswhen science meets clinics. FEBS Lett. 2020; 594(16): 2621-2632. doi: 10.1002/1873-3468.13881</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mollnes TE, Huber-Lang  M. Complement in  sepsiswhen science meets clinics. FEBS Lett. 2020; 594(16): 2621-2632. doi: 10.1002/1873-3468.13881</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tsantes AG, Parastatidou S, Tsantes EA, Bonova E, Tsante KA, Mantzios PG, et al. Sepsis-induced coagulopathy: An update on pathophysiology, biomarkers, and current guidelines. Life (Basel). 2023; 13(2): 350. doi: 10.3390/life13020350</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsantes  AG, Parastatidou  S, Tsantes  EA, Bonova  E, Tsante KA, Mantzios PG, et al. Sepsis-induced coagulopathy: An update on pathophysiology, biomarkers, and current guidelines. Life (Basel). 2023; 13(2): 350. doi: 10.3390/life13020350</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Giustozzi M, Ehrlinder H, Bongiovanni D, Borovac JA, Guerreiro RA, Gąsecka A, et al. Coagulopathy and sepsis: Pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and treatment. Blood Rev. 2021; 50: 100864. doi: 10.1016/j.blre.2021.100864</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Giustozzi  M, Ehrlinder  H, Bongiovanni  D, Borovac  JA, Guerreiro RA, Gąsecka A, et al. Coagulopathy and sepsis: Pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and treatment. Blood Rev. 2021; 50: 100864. doi: 10.1016/j.blre.2021.100864</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Neubauer K, Zieger B. Endothelial cells and coagulation. Cell Tissue Res. 2022; 387(3): 391-398. doi: 10.1007/s00441-021-03471-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Neubauer K, Zieger B. Endothelial cells and coagulation. Cell Tissue Res. 2022; 387(3): 391-398. doi:  10.1007/s00441-021-03471-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chang JC. Sepsis and septic shock: Endothelial molecular pathogenesis associated with vascular microthrombotic disease. Thromb J. 2019; 17: 10. doi: 10.1186/s12959-019-0198-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chang JC. Sepsis and septic shock: Endothelial molecular pathogenesis associated with vascular microthrombotic disease. Thromb J. 2019; 17: 10. doi: 10.1186/s12959-019-0198-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cox D. Sepsis – it is all about the platelets. Front Immunol. 2023; 14: 1210219. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1210219</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cox D. Sepsis – it is all about the platelets. Front Immunol. 2023; 14: 1210219. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1210219</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vardon-Bounes F, Ruiz S, Gratacap MP, Garcia C, Payrastre B, Minville V. Platelets are critical key players in sepsis. Int J Mol Sci. 2019; 20(14): 3494. doi: 10.3390/ijms20143494</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vardon-Bounes F, Ruiz S, Gratacap MP, Garcia C, Payrastre B, Minville V. Platelets are critical key players in sepsis. Int J Mol Sci. 2019; 20(14): 3494. doi: 10.3390/ijms20143494</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Patel P, Michael JV, Naik UP, McKenzie SE. Platelet FcγRIIA in immunity and thrombosis: Adaptive immunothrombosis. J Thromb Haemost. 2021; 19(5): 1149-1160. doi: 10.1111/jth.15265</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Patel P, Michael JV, Naik UP, McKenzie SE. Platelet FcγRIIA in  immunity and  thrombosis: Adaptive immunothrombosis. J Thromb Haemost. 2021; 19(5): 1149-1160. doi: 10.1111/jth.15265</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Su M, Chen C, Li S, Li M, Zeng Z, Zhang Y, et al. Gasdermin d-dependent platelet pyroptosis exacerbates NET formation and inflammation in severe sepsis. Nat Cardiovasc Res. 2022; 1: 732-747. doi: 10.1038/s44161-022-00108-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Su M, Chen C, Li S, Li M, Zeng Z, Zhang Y, et al. Gasdermin d-dependent platelet pyroptosis exacerbates NET formation and  inflammation in  severe sepsis. Nat Cardiovasc Res. 2022; 1: 732-747. doi: 10.1038/s44161-022-00108-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Su Y, Zhang T, Qiao R. Pyroptosis in platelets: Thrombocytopenia and inflammation. J Clin Lab Anal. 2023; 37: e24852. doi: 10.1002/jcla.24852</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Su Y, Zhang T, Qiao R. Pyroptosis in platelets: Thrombocytopenia and  inflammation. J Clin Lab Anal. 2023; 37: e24852. doi: 10.1002/jcla.24852</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit60"><label>60</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Серебряная Н.Б., Шанин С.Н., Фомичева Е.Е., Якуцени П.П. Тромбоциты как активаторы и регуляторы воспалительных и иммунных реакций. Часть 2. Тромбоциты как участники иммунных реакций. Медицинская иммунология. 2019; 22(1): 9-20. doi: 10.15789/1563-0625-2019-1-9-20</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Serebryanaya NB, Shanin SN, Fomicheva EE, Yakutseni PP. Blood platelets as activators and regulators of inflammatory and immune reactions. Part 2. Thrombocytes as participants of immune reactions. Medical Immunology (Russia). 2019; 21(1): 9-20. (In Russ.). doi: 10.15789/1563-0625-2019-1-9-20</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit61"><label>61</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marín Oyarzún CP, Glembotsky AC, Goette NP, Lev PR, De Luca G, Baroni Pietto MC, et al. Platelet toll-like receptors mediate thromboinflammatory responses in patients with essential thrombocythemia. Front Immunol. 2020; 11: 705. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00705</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marín  Oyarzún  CP, Glembotsky  AC, Goette  NP, Lev  PR, De Luca G, Baroni Pietto MC, et al. Platelet toll-like receptors mediate thromboinflammatory responses in patients with essential thrombocythemia. Front Immunol. 2020; 11: 705. doi:  10.3389/fimmu.2020.00705</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit62"><label>62</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sungurlu S, Kuppy J, Balk RA. Role of antithrombin III and tissue factor pathway in the pathogenesis of sepsis. Crit Care Clin. 2020; 36(2): 255-265. doi: 10.1016/j.ccc.2019.12.002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sungurlu  S, Kuppy  J, Balk  RA. Role of  antithrombin  III and tissue factor pathway in the pathogenesis of sepsis. Crit Care Clin. 2020; 36(2): 255-265. doi: 10.1016/j.ccc.2019.12.002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
