actabiomedicaActa Biomedica ScientificaActa Biomedica Scientifica2541-94202587-9596Scientific Centre for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems10.29413/ABS.2024-9.5.21actabiomedica-5050Research ArticleОФТАЛЬМОЛОГИЯOPHTHALMOLOGYКератометрия: устройства и принципы. Обзор литературыKeratometry: Devices and principles. Literature reviewhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7413-7478БойкоЭ. В.BoikoE. V.

Бойко Эрнест Витальевич – доктор медицинских наук, профессор, Заслуженный врач РФ, директор; заведующий кафедрой офтальмологии; профессор кафедры оториноларингологии и офтальмологии

192283, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Ярослава Гашека, 21а

191015, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Кирочная, 41

199034, г. Санкт-Петербург, Университетская наб., 7-9

Ernest V. Boiko – Dr. Sc. (Med.), Professor, Honored Doctor of the Russian Federation, Director; Head of the Department of Ophthalmology; Professor at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Ophthalmology

Yaroslava Gasheka str. 21A, Saint Petersburg 192283

Kirochnaya str. 41, Saint Petersburg 191015

Universitetskaya Embankment 7-9, Saint Petersburg 199034

boiko111@list.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4081-0078ПетросянЮ. М.PetrosyanY. M.

Петросян Юрий Микаелович – врач-офтальмолог; аспирант кафедры офтальмологии

192283, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Ярослава Гашека, 21а

191015, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Кирочная, 41

Yuri M. Petrosyan – Ophthalmologist; Postgraduate at the Department of Ophthalmology

Yaroslava Gasheka str. 21A, Saint Petersburg 192283

Kirochnaya str. 41, Saint Petersburg 191015

petrosyan.yurij@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7047-615XШухаевС. В.ShukhaevS. V.

Шухаев Сергей Викторович – кандидат медицинских наук, врач-офтальмолог

192283, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Ярослава Гашека, 21а

Serdey V. Shukhaev – Cand. Sc. (Med.), Ophthalmologist

Yaroslava Gasheka str. 21A, Saint Petersburg 192283

shukhaevsv@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1549-3341ЛитвинИ. Б.LitvinI. B.

Литвин Ирина Боглановна – кандидат медицинских наук, доцент, заведующая научно-образовательным отделом; доцент кафедры офтальмологии

192283, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Ярослава Гашека, 21а

191015, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Кирочная, 41

Irina B. Litvin – Cand. Sc. (Med.), Docent, Head of the Scientific and Educational Department; Associate Professor at the Department of Ophthalmology

Yaroslava Gasheka str. 21A, Saint Petersburg 192283

Kirochnaya str. 41, Saint Petersburg 191015

eyedoctor07@gmail.coСанкт-Петербургский филиал ФГАУ «НМИЦ «МНТК «Микрохирургия глаза» имени академика С.Н. Фёдорова» Минздрава России; ФГБОУ ВО «Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет имени И.И. Мечникова» Минздрава России; ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет»РоссияSaint Petersburg Branch of the S. Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Federal State Institution; North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov; St. Petersburg UniversityRussian FederationСанкт-Петербургский филиал ФГАУ «НМИЦ «МНТК «Микрохирургия глаза» имени академика С.Н. Фёдорова» Минздрава России; ФГБОУ ВО «Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет имени И.И. Мечникова» Минздрава РоссииРоссияSaint Petersburg Branch of the S. Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Federal State Institution; North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. MechnikovRussian FederationСанкт-Петербургский филиал ФГАУ «НМИЦ «МНТК «Микрохирургия глаза» имени академика С.Н. Фёдорова» Минздрава РоссииРоссияSaint Petersburg Branch of the S. Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Federal State InstitutionRussian Federation20242311202495194203Copyright © Бойко Э.В., Петросян Ю.М., Шухаев С.В., Литвин И.Б., 20242024Бойко Э.В., Петросян Ю.М., Шухаев С.В., Литвин И.Б.Boiko E.V., Petrosyan Y.M., Shukhaev S.V., Litvin I.B.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.actabiomedica.ru/jour/article/view/5050

Точное предоперационное определение различных биометрических характеристик глаза является ключевым моментом для успешной хирургии хрусталика, достижения высоких и прогнозируемых функциональных результатов после операции. Роговица является основной преломляющей структурой глаза, на долю которой приходится около 70 % от общей рефракции. На предоперационном этапе рефракционной и катарактальной хирургии особое внимание уделяется изучению свойств и параметров роговицы, в частности формы, центральной толщины, радиуса кривизны передней и задней поверхностей, оптической силы. Определение оптической силы роговицы – кератометрия – является одним из важных параметров при расчёте оптической силы интраокулярной линзы. Кроме того, значение кератометрии может играть определяющую роль при отборе пациентов на операцию, диагностике заболеваний роговицы, мониторинге динамики патологических процессов в роговице, анализе послеоперационных результатов. Кератометр, или офтальмометр, – это устройство, используемое для измерения радиуса кривизны передней поверхности роговицы, определения оси и степени астигматизма. Кератометрия основана на том, что передняя поверхность роговицы имеет зеркальные свойства, а размер изображения, отражающегося от неё, зависит от кривизны роговицы, что говорит о возможности расчёта её преломляющей способности на основе анализа отображённого размера изображения. Однако способы и принципы кератометрии разнообразны. В данном научном обзоре проведён анализ отечественной и зарубежной литературы, посвящённой изучению способов определения оптической силы роговицы, с целью систематизации данных. В обзоре освещены исторические аспекты кератометрии – от первых попыток измерения радиуса передней поверхности роговицы до первого офтальмометра; показана эволюция технологии офтальмометрии – от ручной кератометрии до кератотопографии и кератотомографии; отдельно отражены принципы и формулы расчёта оптической силы роговицы.

Accurate preoperative determination of biometric parameters of the eye is the key to successful lens surgery, achieving high and predictable functional results. At the preoperative stage of refractive and cataract surgery, special attention is paid to the study of corneal parameters, in particular, optical power – keratometry. Corneal power is one of the important parameters in calculating intraocular lens power, in the selection of patients for surgery, the diagnosis of corneal diseases, monitoring the dynamics of pathological processes in the cornea, and analyzing postoperative results. Keratometry is based on the fact that the anterior surface of the cornea has mirror properties, and the size of the image reflected from it depends on the curvature of the cornea, which indicates the possibility of calculating its refractive power based on the analysis of the displayed image size. However, the methods and principles of keratometry are diverse. In this review, an analysis of literature devoted to the study of methods for determining the optical power of the cornea is carried out in order to systematize the data. The review highlights the historical aspects of keratometry – from the first attempts to measure the radius of the anterior surface of the cornea to the first ophthalmometer, shows the evolution of ophthalmometry technology – from manual keratometry to keratotopography and keratotomography, separately reflects the principles and formulas for calculating the optical strength of the cornea.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.