<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">actabiomedica</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Acta Biomedica Scientifica</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Acta Biomedica Scientifica</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2541-9420</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-9596</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Centre for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29413/ABS.2024-9.4.26</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">actabiomedica-4967</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭПИДЕМИОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>EPIDEMIOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Выявление  Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing Central Asian Outbreak в Иркутской области</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Beijing Central Asian Outbreak strain cluster of Mycobacterium tuberculosis detected in Irkutsk region, Russia</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7160-9700</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жданова</surname><given-names>С. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhdanova</surname><given-names>S. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Жданова Светлана Николаевна – доктор медицинских наук, ведущий научный сотрудник Института эпидемиологии и микробиологии</p><p>664003, г. Иркутск, ул. Тимирязева, 16</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Svetlana N. Zhdanova – Dr. Sc. (Med.), Leader Research Officer at the Laboratory of Epidemiologically and Socially Significant Infections, Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology</p><p>Timiryazeva str. 16, Irkutsk 664003</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">svetnii@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2631-4724</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кондратов</surname><given-names>И. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kondratov</surname><given-names>I. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> Кондратов Илья Геннадьевич – кандидат биологических наук, научный сотрудник лаборатории эпидемиологически и социально-значимых инфекций Института эпидемиологии и микробиологии</p><p>664003, г. Иркутск, ул. Тимирязева, 16</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ilya G. Kondratov – Cand. Sc. (Biol.), Research Officer at the Laboratory of Epidemiologically and Socially Significant Infections, Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology</p><p>Timiryazeva str. 16, Irkutsk 664003</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kondratovig@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3168-1983</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Огарков</surname><given-names>О. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ogarkov</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Огарков Олег Борисович – доктор медицинских наук, директор Института эпидемиологии и микробиологии</p><p>664003, г. Иркутск, ул. Тимирязева, 16</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Oleg B. Ogarkov – Dr. Sc. (Med.), Director of the Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology</p><p>Timiryazeva str. 16, Irkutsk 664003</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">obogarkov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Научный центр проблем здоровья семьи и репродукции человека»</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Scientific Centre for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>09</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>237</fpage><lpage>247</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Жданова С.Н., Кондратов И.Г., Огарков О.Б., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Жданова С.Н., Кондратов И.Г., Огарков О.Б.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zhdanova S.N., Kondratov I.G., Ogarkov O.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.actabiomedica.ru/jour/article/view/4967">https://www.actabiomedica.ru/jour/article/view/4967</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Актуальность</title><p>Актуальность. Иркутская область сохраняет высокие уровни заболеваемости туберкулёзом (ТБ) с множественной лекарственной устойчивостью (МЛУ). Обнаружение ассоциированных с МЛУ штаммов Mycobacterium tuberculosis в Иркутской области требует динамической оценки популяции возбудителя ТБ с учётом появления нового резистентного варианта Beijing Central Asian Outbreak (САО).</p></sec><sec><title>Цель исследования</title><p>Цель исследования. Оценить изменения генотипической структуры штаммов M. tuberculosis, циркулирующих в Иркутской области за десятилетний период.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Изучено 732 штамма (196 штаммов – 2021–2022 гг., 536 штаммов – 2011–2015 гг.) методами MIRU-VNTR и SNP-типирования.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Выявлено повышение уровня МЛУ до  67,4  % с  ростом доли пре-широкой лекарственной устойчивости (пре-ШЛУ) (33,2  %) (р  &lt;  0,001). В современной выборке возросло доминирование генотипа Beijing (83,7 %) за счёт повышения долей субтипов B0/W148 (38,8 %) и САО (12,8 %) при стабильном общем уровне Central Asian Russian (36,8 %) и других штаммов Beijing (8,2 %). Отличные от генотипа Beijing штаммы принадлежали в основном к Евро-Американской линии (Lineage 4): LAM (8,9 %), Ural (2,7 %), Haarlem (2,0 %), S (0,5 %) и L4-unclassified (5,3 %); 25 изолятов не классифицированы. В выборке 2011–2015 гг. LAM встречался чаще, чем в современной коллекции (10,8 % против 3,6 %; p &lt; 0,01). Рост МЛУ и пре-ШЛУ статистически значимо проявился среди штаммов Beijing B0/W148 (93,4 % против 66,1 %; р &lt; 0,001).</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Выявлены неблагоприятные тенденции значительного распространения МЛУ и пре-ШЛУ штаммов генотипа Beijing. Среди штаммов Beijing наиболее успешны не только B0/W148, но и ранее редко встречавшийся в Сибири субтип Beijing CAO; они имеют наибольшие уровни МЛУ и пре-ШЛУ и тенденцию к широкому распространению во всех группах больных ТБ.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Background. Irkutsk region maintains a high incidence rate of multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis (TB). Detection of MDR-associated Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains in Irkutsk region requires dynamic assessment of the TB pathogen population, taking into account the emergence of a new resistant variant of Beijing Central Asian Outbreak (CAO).</p></sec><sec><title>The aim of the study</title><p>The aim of the study. To assess changes in the genotypic structure of M. tuberculosis strains circulating in the Irkutsk region over a ten-year period.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. A total of 732 M. tuberculosis strains (196 strains for 2021– 2022, 536 strains for 2011–2015) were studied using MIRU-VNTR and SNP typing.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The MDR level increased to 67.4 % with an increase of pre-extensive drug resistance (pre-XDR) (33.2 %) (p &lt; 0.001). In the modern sample, the dominance of the Beijing genotype increased (83.7 %) due to an increase in the proportions of the B0/W148 (38.8 %) and CAO (12.8 %) subtypes with a stable overall level of Central Asian Russian (36.8 %) and other Beijing strains (8.2 %). Strains other than the Beijing genotype belonged mainly to the Euro-American lineage (Lineage 4): LAM (8.9 %), Ural (2.7 %), Haarlem (2.0 %), S (0.5 %) and L4-unclassified (5.3 %); 25 isolates were not classified. In the 2011–2015 sample, LAM was more common than in the modern sample (10.8 % vs. 3.6 %; p &lt; 0.01). The increase in MDR and preXDR was statistically significant among Beijing B0/W148 strains (93.4 % vs. 66.1 %; p &lt; 0.001).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Unfavorable trends of significant spread of MDR and pre-XDR of the Beijing genotype strains were revealed. Among the Beijing strains, not only B0/W148 but also the Beijing CAO subtype, which was previously rare in Siberia, are the most successful; they have the highest levels of MDR and pre-XDR and a tendency to widespread distribution in all groups of TB patients.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</kwd><kwd>Beijing B0/W148</kwd><kwd>Beijing Central Asian Outbreak</kwd><kwd>множественная лекарственная устойчивость</kwd><kwd>туберкулёз</kwd><kwd>ВИЧ-инфекция</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</kwd><kwd>Beijing B0/W148</kwd><kwd>Beijing Central Asian Outbreak</kwd><kwd>multidrug resistance</kwd><kwd>tuberculosis</kwd><kwd>HIV infection</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания № 121022500179-0.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шугаева С.Н., Савилов Е.Д., Кошкина О.Г., Чемезова Н.Н. Коинфекция ВИЧ/туберкулёз на территории высокого риска распространения обеих инфекций. Тихоокеанский медицинский журнал. 2021; 1(83): 56-58. doi: 10.34215/16091175-2021-1-56-58</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shugayeva SN, Savilov ED, Koshkina OG, Chemezova NN. Coinfection of HIV/tuberculosis in the territory of high risk of spread of both infections. Pacific Medical Journal. 2021; (1): 56-58. (In Russ.). doi: 10.34215/16091175-2021-1-56-58</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Статистические данные о заболеваемости и смертности от туберкулёза за 2023 год в Иркутской области. 2024. URL: https://iopd.ru/smi/pokazateli-2023-goda [дата доступа: 03.05.2024].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Statistical data on tuberculosis incidence and mortality for 2023 in the Irkutsk region. 2024. (In Russ.). URL: https://iopd.ru/smi/pokazateli-2023-goda [date of access: 03.05.2024].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пашкевич В.А. Эпидемиология ВИЧ-инфекции на территории Иркутской области. 2024. URL: https://aids38.ru/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Эпидемиология-ВИЧ-инфекциина-территории-ИО.pdf [дата доступа: 03.05.2024].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pashkevich VA. Epidemiology of HIV infection in the Irkutsk region. 2024]. URL: https://aids38.ru/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Эпидемиология-ВИЧ-инфекциина-территории-ИО.pdf [date of access: 03.05.2024].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Филинюк О.В., Аллилуев А.С., Амичба Д.Э., Голубчиков П.Н., Попело Ю.С., Добкина М.Н. ВИЧ-инфекция и туберкулёз с множественной лекарственной устойчивостью: частота сочетания, эффективность лечения. Туберкулез и болезни легких. 2021; 99(2): 45-51. doi: 10.21292/2075-1230-2021-99-2-45-51</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Filinyuk OV, Alliluev AS, Аmichba DE, Golubchikov PN, Popelo YuS, Dobkina MN. HIV infection and multiple drug resistant tuberculosis: The frequency of co-infection and treatment efficacy. Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases. 2021; 99(2): 45-51. (In Russ.). doi: 10.21292/2075-1230-2021-99-2-45-51</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Жданова С.Н., Огарков О.Б., Синьков В.В., Хромова П.А., Орлова Е.А., Кощеев М.Е., и др. Эпидемиологическое обоснование распространения основных клонов генотипа Beijing Mycobacterium tuberculosis в Иркутской области. Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии. 2017; 94(6): 88-94. doi: 10.36233/0372-9311-2017-6-88-94</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhdanova SN, Ogarkov OB, Sinkov VV, Khromova PA, Orlova EA, Koscheev ME, et al. Epidemiological study of main clones distribution genotype Beijing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis within Irkutsk region. Journal of Microbiology, Epidemiology and Immunobiology. 2017; 94(6): 88-94. (In Russ.). doi: 10.36233/0372-9311-2017-6-88-94</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Жданова С.Н., Бадлеева М.В., Хромова П.А., Огарков О.Б., Орлова Е.А. Молекулярная эпидемиология туберкулёза c множественной лекарственной устойчивостью в Монголии и Восточной Сибири: два независимых процесса распространения доминирующих штаммов. Инфекция и иммунитет. 2021; 11(2): 337-348.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhdanova SN, Badleeva MV, Khromova PA, Ogarkov OB, Orlova EA. Molecular epidemiology of multidrug resistant tuberculosis in Mongolia and Eastern Siberia: Two independent dissemination processes for dominant strains. Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity. 2021; 11(2): 337-348. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Merker M, Barbier M, Cox H, Rasigade JP, Feuerriegel S, Kohl TA, et al. Compensatory evolution drives multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Central Asia. Elife. 2018; 7: e38200. doi: 10.7554/ eLife.38200</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Merker M, Barbier M, Cox H, Rasigade JP, Feuerriegel S, Kohl TA, et al. Compensatory evolution drives multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Central Asia. Elife. 2018; 7: e38200. doi: 10.7554/eLife.38200</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shitikov E, Vyazovaya A, Malakhova M, Guliaev A, Bespyatykh J, Proshina E, et al. Simple assay for detection of the Central Asia outbreak clade of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing genotype. J Clin Microbiol. 2019; 57(7): e00215-e002119. doi: 10.1128/JCM.00215-19</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shitikov E, Vyazovaya A, Malakhova M, Guliaev A, Bespyatykh J, Proshina E, et al. Simple assay for detection of the Central Asia outbreak clade of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing genotype. J Clin Microbiol. 2019; 57(7): e00215-e002119. doi: 10.1128/JCM.00215-19</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Федеральные клинические рекомендации по организации и проведению микробиологической и молекулярно-генетической диагностике туберкулёза. 2014. URL: https://edu.nmrc.ru/library/clinical_recommendations/# [дата доступа: 03.05.2024].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Federal clinical recommendations for the organization and implementation of microbiological and molecular genetic diagnostics of tuberculosis. 2014. URL: https://edu.nmrc.ru/library/clinical_recommendations/# [date of access: 03.05.2024].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Жданова С.Н., Огарков О.Б., Савилов Е.Д., Кондратов И.Г. Применение молекулярно-генетических инструментов для оценки трансграничной передачи туберкулёза в Иркутской области. Эпидемиология и вакцинопрофилактика. 2022; 2(21): 59-65. doi: 10.31631/2073-3046-2022-21-2-59-65</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhdanova SN, Ogarkov OB, Savilov ED, Kondratov IG. Application of new molecular genetic strategies for transborder transmission analysis of tuberculosis in Irkutsk region. Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention. 2022; 21(2): 59-65. (In Russ.). doi: 10.31631/2073-3046-2022-21-2-59-65</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хромова П.А., Огарков О.Б., Жданова С.Н., Синьков В.В., Моисеева Е.Я., Цыренова Т.А., и др. Выявление высокотрансмиссивных генотипов возбудителя в клиническом материале для прогноза неблагоприятного течения туберкулёза. Клиническая лабораторная диагностика. 2017; 62(10): 622-627. doi: 10.18821/0869-2084-201762-10-622-627</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khromova PA, Ogarkov OB, Zhdanova SN, Sinkov VV, Moiseeva EY, Tzyrenova TA, et al. The detection of highly-transmissible genotypes of agent in clinical samples for prognosis of unfavorable course of tuberculosis. Russian Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics. 2017; 62(10): 622-627. (In Russ.). doi: 10.18821/0869-2084-201762-10-622-627</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">MIRU-VNTRplus web application. URL: https://www.miruvntrplus.org/MIRU/index.faces [date of access: 03.05.2024].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">MIRU-VNTRplus web application. URL: https://www.miruvntrplus.org/MIRU/index.faces [date of access: 03.05.2024].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Цыбикова Э.Б. Туберкулез, сочетанный с ВИЧинфекцией, в России в период до и во время пандемии COVID-19. ВИЧ-инфекция и иммуносупрессии. 2022; 14(4): 29-35. doi: 10.22328/2077-9828-2022-14-4-29-35</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsybikova EB. Tuberculosis combined with HIV infection in Russia in the period before – and during the COVID-19 pandemic. HIV Infection and Immunosuppressive Disorders. 2022; 14(4): 29-35. (In Russ.). doi: 10.22328/2077-9828-2022-14-4-29-35</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Туберкулез у взрослых: клинические рекомендации. 2022. URL: https://edu.nmrc.ru/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/%D0%9A%D0%A016.pdf [дата доступа: 24.03.2024].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tuberculosis in adults: Clinical guidelines. 2022. (In Russ.). URL: https://edu.nmrc.ru/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/%D0%9A%D0%A016.pdf [date of access: 24.03.2024].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Allix-Béguec C, Harmsen D, Weniger T, Supply P, Niemann S. Evaluation and strategy for use of MIRU-VNTRplus, a multifunctional database for online analysis of genotyping data and phylogenetic identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates. J Clin Microbiol. 2008; 46: 8. doi: 10.1128/jcm.00540-08</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Allix-Béguec C, Harmsen D, Weniger T, Supply P, Niemann S. Evaluation and strategy for use of MIRU-VNTRplus, a multifunctional database for online analysis of genotyping data and phylogenetic identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates. J Clin Microbiol. 2008; 46: 8. doi: 10.1128/jcm.00540-08</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vyazovaya A, Gerasimova A, Mudarisova R, Terentieva D, Solovieva N, Zhuravlev V, et al. Genetic diversity and primary drug resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing genotype strains in Northwestern Russia. Microorganisms. 2023; 11(2): 255. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms11020255</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vyazovaya A, Gerasimova A, Mudarisova R, Terentieva D, Solovieva N, Zhuravlev V, et al. Genetic diversity and primary drug resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing genotype strains in Northwestern Russia. Microorganisms. 2023; 11(2): 255. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms11020255</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shitikov E, Kolchenko S, Mokrousov I, Bespyatykh J, Ischenko D, Ilina E, et al. Evolutionary pathway analysis and unified classification of East Asian lineage of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Sci Rep. 2017; 7(1): 9227. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-10018-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shitikov E, Kolchenko S, Mokrousov I, Bespyatykh J, Ischenko D, Ilina E, et al. Evolutionary pathway analysis and unified classification of East Asian lineage of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Sci Rep. 2017; 7(1): 9227. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-10018-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Умпелева Т.В., Белоусова К.В., Голубева Л.А., Морозова И.М., Еремеева Н.И., Вахрушева Д.В. Генетический полиморфизм возбудителя туберкулёза на территории города с ограниченной миграцией населения и высоким уровнем заболеваемости ВИЧ инфекцией. Туберкулез и болезни легких. 2019; 97(3): 40-45. doi: 10.21292/2075-1230-2019-97-3-40-45</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Umpeleva TV, Belousova KV, Golubeva LA, Morozova IM, Eremeeva NI, Vakhrusheva DV. Genetic polymorphism of tuberculosis mycobacteria in the city with limited population migration and high incidence of HIV infection. Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases. 2019; 97(3): 40-45. (In Russ.). doi: 10.21292/2075-1230-2019-97-3-40-45</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mokrousov I, Vyazovaya A, Pasechnik O, Gerasimova A, Dymova M, Chernyaeva E, et al. Early ancient sublineages of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing genotype: Unexpected clues from phylogenomics of the pathogen and human history. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2019; 25(8): 1039.e1-1039.e6. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2018.11.024</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mokrousov I, Vyazovaya A, Pasechnik O, Gerasimova A, Dymova M, Chernyaeva E, et al. Early ancient sublineages of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing genotype: Unexpected clues from phylogenomics of the pathogen and human history. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2019; 25(8): 1039.e1-1039.e6. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2018.11.024</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Вязовая А.А., Лебедева И.А., Ушакова Н.Б., Павлов В.В., Герасимова А.А., Соловьева Н.С., и др. Молекулярно-генетический анализ популяции Mycobacterium tuberculosis в Вологодской области – регионе с низкой заболеваемостью туберкулёзом. Инфекция и иммунитет. 2021; 11(3): 497-505. doi: 10.15789/2220-7619-MAG-1545</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vyazovaya АA, Lebedeva IA, Ushakova NB, Pavlov VV, Gerasimova AA, Solovieva NS, et al. Molecular and genetic analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis population in the Vologda region with low tuberculosis incidence. Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity. 2021; 11(3): 497-505. (In Russ.). doi: 10.15789/2220-7619-MAG-1545</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Klotoe BJ, Kacimi S, Costa-Conceicão E, Gomes HM, Barcellos RB, Panaiotov S, et al. Genomic characterization of MDR/ XDR-TB in Kazakhstan by a combination of high-throughput methods predominantly shows the ongoing transmission of L2/Beijing 94-32 central Asian/Russian clusters. BMC Infect Dis. 2019; 19(1): 553. doi: 10.1186/s12879-019-4201-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klotoe BJ, Kacimi S, Costa-Conceicão E, Gomes HM, Barcellos RB, Panaiotov S, et al. Genomic characterization of MDR/ XDR-TB in Kazakhstan by a combination of high-throughput methods predominantly shows the ongoing transmission of L2/Beijing 94-32 central Asian/Russian clusters. BMC Infect Dis. 2019; 19(1): 553. doi: 10.1186/s12879-019-4201-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Auganova D, Atavliyeva S, Amirgazin A, Akisheva A, Tsepke A, Tarlykov P. Genomic characterization of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis L2/Beijing isolates from Astana, Kazakhstan. Antibiotics (Basel). 2023; 12(10): 1523. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics12101523</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Auganova D, Atavliyeva S, Amirgazin A, Akisheva A, Tsepke A, Tarlykov P. Genomic characterization of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis L2/Beijing isolates from Astana, Kazakhstan. Antibiotics (Basel). 2023; 12(10): 1523. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics12101523</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Akhmetova A, Bismilda V, Chingissova L, Filipenko M, Akilzhanova A, Kozhamkulov U. Prevalence of Beijing Central Asian/Russian Cluster 94-32 among multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis in Kazakhstan. Antibiotics. 2024; 13: 9. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics13010009</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akhmetova A, Bismilda V, Chingissova L, Filipenko M, Akilzhanova A, Kozhamkulov U. Prevalence of Beijing Central Asian/Russian Cluster 94-32 among multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis in Kazakhstan. Antibiotics. 2024; 13: 9. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics13010009</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рязанцев С.В. Трудовая миграция в Россию: мифы и контраргументы. Вестник РУДН. Серия: Экономика. 2018; 4: 718-729. doi: 10.22363/2313-2329-2018-26-4-718-729</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ryazantsev SV. Labour migration to Russia: Myths and counterarguments. RUDN Journal of Economics. 2018; 4: 718729. (In Russ.). doi: 10.22363/2313-2329-2018-26-4-718-729</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Цыбикова Э.Б., Гадирова М.Э., Мидоренко Д.А. Заболеваемость туберкулёзом среди трудовых мигрантов в России. Туберкулез и болезни легких. 2021; 99(11): 35-41. doi: 10.21292/2075-1230-2021-99-1135-41</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsybikovа EB, Gаdirovа ME, Midorenko DA. Tuberculosis incidence among migrant workers in Russia. Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases. 2021; 99(11): 35-41. (In Russ.). doi: 10.21292/2075-1230-2021-99-1135-41</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
