<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">actabiomedica</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Acta Biomedica Scientifica</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Acta Biomedica Scientifica</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2541-9420</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-9596</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Centre for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29413/ABS.2024-9.3.20</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">actabiomedica-4831</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ТРАВМАТОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>TRAUMATOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Микробиологический профиль пациентов с ортопедической имплантат-ассоциированной инфекцией в постковидном периоде</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Microbiological profile of patients with orthopedic implant-associated infection in the post-COVID period</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5750-4459</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Любимова</surname><given-names>Л. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lyubimova</surname><given-names>L. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Любимова Людмила Валентиновна – клинический фармаколог</p><p>428020, г. Чебоксары, ул. Федора Гладкова, 33</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Lyudmila V. Lyubimova – Clinical Pharmacologist</p><p>Fedora Gladkova str. 33, Cheboksary 428020</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">borisova-80@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9507-9118</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пчелова</surname><given-names>Н. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pchelova</surname><given-names>N. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Пчелова Надежда Николаевна – врач клинической лабораторной диагностики</p><p>428020, г. Чебоксары, ул. Федора Гладкова, 33</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nadezhda N. Pchelova – Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics Doctor</p><p>Fedora Gladkova str. 33, Cheboksary 428020</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nadyapchelova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1560-470X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Николаев</surname><given-names>Н. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikolaev</surname><given-names>N. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Николаев Николай Станиславович – доктор медицинских наук, профессор РАН, главный врач; заведующий кафедрой травматологии, ортопедии и экстремальной медицины</p><p>428020, г. Чебоксары, ул. Федора Гладкова, 33</p><p>428015, г. Чебоксары, Московский просп., 15</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nikolay S. Nikolaev – Dr. Sc. (Med.), Professor of the RAS, Chief Physician; Head of the Department of Traumatology, Orthopedics and Extreme Medicine</p><p>Fedora Gladkova str. 33, Cheboksary 428020</p><p>Moskovsky Ave. 15, Cheboksary 428015</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nikolaevns@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3556-145X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Преображенская</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Preobrazhenskaya</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Преображенская Елена Васильевна – начальник научно-образовательного отдела</p><p>428020, г. Чебоксары, ул. Федора Гладкова, 33</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena V. Preobrazhenskaya – Head of the Scientific and Educational Department</p><p>Fedora Gladkova str. 33, Cheboksary 428020</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alenka_22@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5262-0197</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Любимов</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lyubimov</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Любимов Евгений Александрович – анестезиолог-реаниматолог</p><p>428020, г. Чебоксары, ул. Федора Гладкова, 33</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Evgeniy A. Lyubimov – Anesthesiologist and Reanimatologist</p><p>Fedora Gladkova str. 33, Cheboksary 428020</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">e_lyubimov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «Федеральный центр травматологии, ортопедии&#13;
и эндопротезирования» Минздрава России</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Center for Traumatology, Orthopedics and Endoprosthetics</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «Федеральный центр травматологии, ортопедии&#13;
и эндопротезирования» Минздрава России; ФГБОУ ВО «Чувашский государственный университет имени И.Н. Ульянова»</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Center for Traumatology, Orthopedics and Endoprosthetics; Chuvash State University named after I.N. Ulyanov</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>23</day><month>07</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>203</fpage><lpage>212</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Любимова Л.В., Пчелова Н.Н., Николаев Н.С., Преображенская Е.В., Любимов Е.А., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Любимова Л.В., Пчелова Н.Н., Николаев Н.С., Преображенская Е.В., Любимов Е.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Lyubimova L.V., Pchelova N.N., Nikolaev N.S., Preobrazhenskaya E.V., Lyubimov E.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.actabiomedica.ru/jour/article/view/4831">https://www.actabiomedica.ru/jour/article/view/4831</self-uri><abstract><p>Введение. Этиологическая структура имплантат-ассоциированной инфекции и антибиотикорезистентность патогенов важны при выборе эмпирической антибиотикотерапии. Пандемия COVID-19, увеличение потребления населением антибиотиков могли провоцировать рост антибиотикорезистентности.Цель работы. Сравнить спектр ведущих возбудителей имплантат-ассоциированной инфекции в до- и постковидном периоде с оценкой антибиотикорезистентности.Материалы и методы. Проведено сплошное ретроспективное исследование образцов биоматериала пациентов травматолого-ортопедического профиля с имплантат-ассоциированной инфекцией за 2018–2019 и 2021– 2022 гг. Выборка составила 548 штаммов микроорганизмов (n = 237 и n = 317 соответственно) в 442 случаях инфекционных осложнений. Проводилась оценка антибиотикорезистентности всех выделенных микроорганизмов, в том числе из микробных ассоциаций.Результаты. Ведущим возбудителем мономикробной имплантат-ассоциированной инфекции в оба периода исследования был Staphylococcus epidermidis (33–37 %). В 2021–2022 гг. увеличилась доля микробных ассоциаций (с 12,5 до 17,5 %; p = 0,147) с появлением в микробном пейзаже грибов. В постковидном периоде отмечен рост резистентности Staphylococcus aureus к тетрациклину и доксициклину; выделение метициллин-резистентных штаммов среди Staphylococcus aureus снизилось с 4 случаев (из 187) до 3 (из 232); сохранялась 100%-я чувствительность к рифампицину и ко-тримоксазолу. Выявлен рост резистентности Staphylococcus epidermidis ко всем тестируемым антибиотикам (статистически значимый – к фторхинолонам; р = 0,002–0,003) с выделением метициллин-резистентных штаммов в 80,5 % и 80,9 % случаев соответственно. Все выделенные изоляты стафилококков были чувствительны к ванкомицину и линезолиду. У представителей семейства Enterobacteriaceae выявлено снижение резистентности к карбапенемам и её рост к ко-тримоксазолу; у Pseudomonas aeruginosa и Acinetobacter baumannii – рост резистентности к карбапенемам и фторхинолонам. Все грамотрицательные микроорганизмы были чувствительны к колистину.Заключение. Высокая частота выделения метициллин-резистентных стафилококков определяет выбор ванкомицина для эмпирической терапии. Рост резистентности стафилококков к фторхинолонам может способствовать ограничению их использования. Рост резистентности грамотрицательных бактерий, узкий спектр антибиотиков, действующих на карбапенемазопродуцентов, могут снижать эффективность терапии.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Background. The etiological structure of implant-associated infection and antibiotic resistance of pathogens are important when choosing empirical antibiotic therapy. COVID-19 pandemic and increased consumption of antibiotics by the population could provoke an increase in antibiotic resistance.The aim of the work. To compare the spectrum of leading pathogens of implantassociated infection in the pre- and post-Covid period and to assess antibiotic resistance.Materials and methods. A continuous retrospective study of biomaterial samples from traumatology and orthopedic patients with implant-associated infection was carried out for 2018–2019 and 2021–2022. The sample consisted of 548 microorganism strains (n = 237 and n = 317, respectively) in 442 cases of infectious complications. The antibiotic resistance of all isolated microorganisms, including those from microbial associations, was assessed.Results. The leading pathogen of monomicrobial implant-associated infection in both study periods was Staphylococcus epidermidis (33–37 %). In 2021–2022, the proportion of microbial associations increased (from 12.5 to 17.5 %; p = 0.147) with the appearance of fungi in the microbial landscape. In the post-Covid period, the increase in Staphylococcus aureus resistance to tetracycline and doxycycline was revealed; the isolation of methicillin-resistant strains among Staphylococcus aureus decreased from 4 cases (out of 187) to 3 (out of 232); 100 % sensitivity to rifampicin and co-trimoxazole was maintained. An increase in Staphylococcus epidermidis resistance to all tested antibiotics was detected (statistically significant increase in resistance to fluoroquinolones; p = 0.002–0.003) with the isolation of methicillin-resistant strains in 80.5% and 80.9% of cases, respectively. All staphylococcal isolates were susceptible to vancomycin and linezolid. Enterobacteriaceae representatives showed a decrease in resistance to carbapenems and an increase in resistance to co-trimoxazole; in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii, there is an increase in resistance to carbapenems and fluoroquinolones. All gram-negative microorganisms were sensitive to colistin.Conclusion. The high frequency of isolation of methicillin-resistant staphylococci determines the choice of vancomycin for empirical therapy. Increasing resistance of staphylococci to fluoroquinolones may limit their use. Increasing resistance of gram-negative bacteria and a narrow spectrum of antibiotics acting on carbapenemase producers may reduce the effectiveness of therapy.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>имплантат-ассоциированная инфекция</kwd><kwd>перипротезная инфекция</kwd><kwd>антибиотикорезистентность</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>Staphylococcus epidermidis</kwd><kwd>микробные ассоциации</kwd><kwd>карбапенемазопродуценты</kwd><kwd>метициллин-резистентные стафилококки</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>implant-associated infection</kwd><kwd>periprosthetic infection</kwd><kwd>antibiotic resistance</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>Staphylococcus epidermidis</kwd><kwd>microbial associations</kwd><kwd>carbapenemase producers</kwd><kwd>methicillin-resistant staphylococci</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Борисова Л.В, Николаев Н.С., Преображенская Е.В., Пчелова Н.Н., Дидиченко С.Н. Причины возникновения инфекционных осложнений после артропластики тазобедренных суставов и мероприятия по их снижению. Кафедра травматологии и ортопедии. 2018; 2(32): 9-14.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Borisova LV, Nikolaev NS, Preobrazhenskaya EV, Pchelova NN, Didichenko SN. Causes of infectious complications after hip arthroplasty and measures to reduce them. Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics. 2018; 2(32): 9-13. (In Russ.) doi: 10.17238/issn2226-2016.2018.2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Qvistgaard M, Nåtman J, Lovebo J, Almerud-Österberg S, Rolfson O. Risk factors for reoperation due to periprosthetic joint infection after elective total hip arthroplasty: A study of 35,056 patients using linked data of the Swedish Hip Arthroplasty Registry (SHAR) and Swedish Perioperative Registry (SPOR). BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2022; 23(1): 275. doi: 10.1186/s12891-022-05209-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Qvistgaard M, Nåtman J, Lovebo J, Almerud-Österberg S, Rolfson O. Risk factors for reoperation due to periprosthetic joint infection after elective total hip arthroplasty: A study of 35,056 patients using linked data of the Swedish Hip Arthroplasty Registry (SHAR) and Swedish Perioperative Registry (SPOR). BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2022; 23(1): 275. doi: 10.1186/s12891-022-05209-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fröschen FS, Randau TM, Franz A, Molitor E, Hischebeth GTR. Microbiological profiles of patients with periprosthetic joint infection of the hip or knee. Diagnostics (Basel). 2022; 12(7): 1654. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics12071654</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fröschen FS, Randau TM, Franz A, Molitor E, Hischebeth GTR. Microbiological profiles of patients with periprosthetic joint infection of the hip or knee. Diagnostics (Basel). 2022; 12(7): 1654. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics12071654</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Izakovicova P, Borens O, Trampuz A. Periprosthetic joint infection: Current concepts and outlook. EFORT Open Rev. 2019; 4(7): 482-494. doi: 10.1302/2058-5241.4.180092</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Izakovicova P, Borens O, Trampuz A. Periprosthetic joint infection: Current concepts and outlook. EFORT Open Rev. 2019; 4(7): 482-494. doi: 10.1302/2058-5241.4.180092</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mack AW, Growth AT, Frisch HM, Doukas WC. Treatment of open periarticular shoulder fractures sustained in combatrelated injuries. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 2008; 37(3): 130-135.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mack AW, Growth AT, Frisch HM, Doukas WC. Treatment of open periarticular shoulder fractures sustained in combatrelated injuries. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 2008; 37(3): 130-135.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen AT, Vallier HA. Noncontiguous and open fractures of the lower extremity: Epidemiology, complications, and unplanned procedures. Injury. 2016; 47(3): 742-747. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2015.12.013</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen AT, Vallier HA. Noncontiguous and open fractures of the lower extremity: Epidemiology, complications, and unplanned procedures. Injury. 2016; 47(3): 742-747. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2015.12.013</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pollak AN, Jones AL, Castillo RC, Bosse MJ, MacKenzie EJ; LEAP Study Group. The relationship between time to surgical debridement and incidence of infection after open high-energy lower extremity trauma. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010; 92(1): 7-15. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.H.00984</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pollak AN, Jones AL, Castillo RC, Bosse MJ, MacKenzie EJ; LEAP Study Group. The relationship between time to surgical debridement and incidence of infection after open high-energy lower extremity trauma. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010; 92(1): 7-15. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.H.00984</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Roussignol X, Sigonney G, Potage D, Etienne M, Duparc F, Dujardin F. Secondary nailing after external fixation for tibial shaft fracture: Risk factors for union and infection. A 55 case series. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2015; 101(1): 89-92. doi: 10.1016/j.otsr.2014.10.017</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Roussignol X, Sigonney G, Potage D, Etienne M, Duparc F, Dujardin F. Secondary nailing after external fixation for tibial shaft fracture: Risk factors for union and infection. A 55 case series. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2015; 101(1): 89-92. doi: 10.1016/j.otsr.2014.10.017</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Court-Brown CM, Keating JF, McQueen MM. Infection after intramedullary nailing of the tibia. Incidence and protocol for management. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1992; 74(5): 770-774. doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.74B5.1527132</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Court-Brown CM, Keating JF, McQueen MM. Infection after intramedullary nailing of the tibia. Incidence and protocol for management. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1992; 74(5): 770-774. doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.74B5.1527132</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бердюгина О. Анализ вероятности возникновения периимплантной инфекции и ее последствия при внешней транспедикулярной фиксации позвоночника. Гений ортопедии. 2021; 27(6): 732-739. doi: 10.18019/1028-4427-2021-27-6-732-739</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berdiugina O. Probability analysis of periimplant infection following external transpedicular spine fixation. Genij Ortopedii. 2021; 27(6): 732-739. (In Russ.) doi: 10.18019/1028-4427-2021-27-6-732-739</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Божкова С.А., Касимова А.Р., Тихилов Р.М., Полякова Е.М., Рукина А.Н., Шабанова В.В., и др. Неблагоприятные тенденции в этиологии ортопедической инфекции: результаты 6-летнего мониторинга структуры и резистентности ведущих возбудителей. Травматология и ортопедия России. 2018; 24(4): 20-31. doi: 10.21823/2311-2905-2018-24-4-20-31</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bozhkova SA, Kasimova AR, Tikhilov RM, Polyakova EM, Rukina AN, Shabanova VV, et al. Adverse trends in the etiology of orthopedic infection: Results of 6-year monitoring of the structure and resistance of leading pathogens. Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia. 2018; 24(4): 20-31. (In Russ.) doi: 10.21823/2311-2905-2018-24-4-20-31</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boia ER, Huț AR, Roi A, Luca RE, Munteanu IR, Roi CI, et al. Associated bacterial coinfections in COVID-19-positive patients. Medicina (Kaunas). 2023; 59(10): 1858. doi: 10.3390/medicina59101858</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boia ER, Huț AR, Roi A, Luca RE, Munteanu IR, Roi CI, et al. Associated bacterial coinfections in COVID-19-positive patients. Medicina (Kaunas). 2023; 59(10): 1858. doi: 10.3390/medicina59101858</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Garvin KL, Kildow BJ, Hewlett AL, Hartman CW, Fey PD. The challenge of emerging resistant gram-positive pathogens in hip and knee periprosthetic joint infections. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2023 Apr 13. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.22.00792</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Garvin KL, Kildow BJ, Hewlett AL, Hartman CW, Fey PD. The challenge of emerging resistant gram-positive pathogens in hip and knee periprosthetic joint infections. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2023 Apr 13. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.22.00792</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tai DBG, Patel R, Abdel MP, Berbari EF, Tande AJ. Microbiology of hip and knee periprosthetic joint infections: A database study. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2022; 28(2): 255-259. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.06.006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tai DBG, Patel R, Abdel MP, Berbari EF, Tande AJ. Microbiology of hip and knee periprosthetic joint infections: A database study. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2022; 28(2): 255-259. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.06.006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bjerke-Kroll BT, Christ AB, McLawhorn AS, Sculco PK, Jules-Elysée KM, Sculco TP. Periprosthetic joint infections treated with two-stage revision over 14 years: An evolving microbiol ogy profile. J Arthroplasty. 2014; 29(5): 877-882. doi: 10.1016/j.arth.2013.09.053</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bjerke-Kroll BT, Christ AB, McLawhorn AS, Sculco PK, Jules-Elysée KM, Sculco TP. Periprosthetic joint infections treated with two-stage revision over 14 years: An evolving microbiol ogy profile. J Arthroplasty. 2014; 29(5): 877-882. doi: 10.1016/j.arth.2013.09.053</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tsai Y, Chang CH, Lin YC, Lee SH, Hsieh PH, Chang Y. Different microbiological profiles between hip and knee prosthetic joint infections. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong). 2019; 27(2): 2309499019847768. doi: 10.1177/2309499019847768</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsai Y, Chang CH, Lin YC, Lee SH, Hsieh PH, Chang Y. Different microbiological profiles between hip and knee prosthetic joint infections. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong). 2019; 27(2): 2309499019847768. doi: 10.1177/2309499019847768</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Peng HM, Zhou ZK, Wang F, Yan SG, Xu P, Shang XF, et al. Microbiology of periprosthetic hip and knee infections in surgically revised cases from 34 centers in mainland China. Infect Drug Resist. 2021; 14: 2411-2418. doi: 10.2147/IDR.S305205</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Peng HM, Zhou ZK, Wang F, Yan SG, Xu P, Shang XF, et al. Microbiology of periprosthetic hip and knee infections in surgically revised cases from 34 centers in mainland China. Infect Drug Resist. 2021; 14: 2411-2418. doi: 10.2147/IDR.S305205</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aggarwal VK, Bakhshi H, Ecker NU, Parvizi J, Gehrke T, Kendoff D. Organism profile in periprosthetic joint infection: Pathogens differ at two arthroplasty infection referral centers in Europe and in the United States. J Knee Surg. 2014; 27(5): 399-406. doi: 10.1055/s-0033-1364102</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aggarwal VK, Bakhshi H, Ecker NU, Parvizi J, Gehrke T, Kendoff D. Organism profile in periprosthetic joint infection: Pathogens differ at two arthroplasty infection referral centers in Europe and in the United States. J Knee Surg. 2014; 27(5): 399-406. doi: 10.1055/s-0033-1364102</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rosteius T, Jansen O, Fehmer T, Baecker H, Citak M, Schildhauer TA, et al. Evaluating the microbial pattern of periprosthetic joint infections of the hip and knee. J Med Microbiol. 2018; 67(11): 1608-1613. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.000835</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rosteius T, Jansen O, Fehmer T, Baecker H, Citak M, Schildhauer TA, et al. Evaluating the microbial pattern of periprosthetic joint infections of the hip and knee. J Med Microbiol. 2018; 67(11): 1608-1613. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.000835</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang FD, Wang YP, Chen CF, Chen HP. The incidence rate, trend and microbiological aetiology of prosthetic joint infection after total knee arthroplasty: A 13 years’ experience from a tertiary medical center in Taiwan. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2018; 51(6): 717-722. doi: 10.1016/j.jmii.2018.08.011</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang FD, Wang YP, Chen CF, Chen HP. The incidence rate, trend and microbiological aetiology of prosthetic joint infection after total knee arthroplasty: A 13 years’ experience from a tertiary medical center in Taiwan. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2018; 51(6): 717-722. doi: 10.1016/j.jmii.2018.08.011</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aggarwal VK, Higuera C, Deirmengian G, Parvizi J, Austin MS. Swab cultures are not as effective as tissue cultures for diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2013; 471(10): 3196-3203. doi: 10.1007/s11999-013-2974-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aggarwal VK, Higuera C, Deirmengian G, Parvizi J, Austin MS. Swab cultures are not as effective as tissue cultures for diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2013; 471(10): 3196-3203. doi: 10.1007/s11999-013-2974-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Drago L, Clerici P, Morelli I, Ashok J, Benzakour T, Bozhkova S, et al. The World Association against Infection in Orthopaedics and Trauma (WAIOT) procedures for microbiological sampling and processing for periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs) and other implant-related infections. J Clin Med. 2019; 8(7): 933. doi: 10.3390/jcm8070933</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Drago L, Clerici P, Morelli I, Ashok J, Benzakour T, Bozhkova S, et al. The World Association against Infection in Orthopaedics and Trauma (WAIOT) procedures for microbiological sampling and processing for periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs) and other implant-related infections. J Clin Med. 2019; 8(7): 933. doi: 10.3390/jcm8070933</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
