<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">actabiomedica</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Acta Biomedica Scientifica</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Acta Biomedica Scientifica</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2541-9420</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-9596</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Centre for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29413/ABS.2023-8.2.12</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">actabiomedica-4076</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МОРФОЛОГИЯ, ФИЗИОЛОГИЯ И ПАТОФИЗИОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MORPHOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Циркадный ритм углеводного обмена в норме и при патологии</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Circadian rhythm of carbohydrate metabolism in health and disease</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2384-3759</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сорокин</surname><given-names>М. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sorokin</surname><given-names>M. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сорокин Максим Юрьевич – аспирант лаборатории эндокринологии.</p><p>630060, Новосибирск, ул. Тимакова, 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Timakova str. 2, Novosibirsk 630060</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">biokvant@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4579-425X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пинхасов</surname><given-names>Б. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pinkhasov</surname><given-names>B. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Пинхасов Борис Борисович – доктор медицинских наук, заведующий кафедрой патологической физиологии и клинической патофизиологии, Новосибирский ГМУ; ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории эндокринологии, Федеральный ИЦФТМ.</p><p>630060, Новосибирск, ул. Тимакова, 2; 630091, Новосибирск, Красный просп., 52</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Timakova str. 2, Novosibirsk 630060; Krasny Ave. 52, Novosibirsk 630091</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">pin@centercem.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4534-7289</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Селятицкая</surname><given-names>В. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Selyatitskaya</surname><given-names>V. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Селятицкая Вера Георгиевна – доктор медицинских наук, профессор, главный научный сотрудник, заведующая лабораторией эндокринологии.</p><p>630060, Новосибирск, ул. Тимакова, 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Timakova str. 2, Novosibirsk 630060</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ccem@centercem.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Федеральный исследовательский центр фундаментальной и трансляционной медицины»</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Research Center for Fundamental and Translational Medicine</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Федеральный исследовательский центр фундаментальной и трансляционной медицины»; ФГБОУ ВО «Новосибирский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Research Center for Fundamental and Translational Medicine; Novosibirsk State Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>03</day><month>05</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>8</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>124</fpage><lpage>137</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Сорокин М.Ю., Пинхасов Б.Б., Селятицкая В.Г., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Сорокин М.Ю., Пинхасов Б.Б., Селятицкая В.Г.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Sorokin M.Y., Pinkhasov B.B., Selyatitskaya V.G.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.actabiomedica.ru/jour/article/view/4076">https://www.actabiomedica.ru/jour/article/view/4076</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье представлен обзор сведений об основных механизмах циркадной регуляции углеводного обмена, а также её роли в поддержании энергетического гомеостаза, рассмотрена молекулярно-генетическая структура циркадной системы. Освещена роль жировой ткани и других органов и систем в циркадном ритме углеводного обмена, как в норме, так и при ожирении и сахарном диабете 2-го типа. Особое внимание уделено суточной ритмике эндокринных факторов, определяющих метаболические паттерны таких гормонов, как кортизол, соматотропный гормон, мелатонин. В статье отдельно обсуждаются гендерные различия циркадной регуляции энергетического и углеводного метаболизма, а также их изменения в различные возрастные периоды. Проведён подробный обзор механизмов изменения утилизации глюкозы, реактивности инсулярного аппарата поджелудочной железы и чувствительности периферических тканей к инсулину в разное время суток у лиц с нормальной массой тела, андроидным и гиноидным типами ожирения, как у женщин, так и у мужчин. Обсуждены защитные факторы в структуре циркадной регуляции энергетического метаболизма, препятствующие развитию сахарного диабета и сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний у лиц с так называемым «метаболически здоровым» типом ожирения. Рассмотрены различные варианты нарушений циркадных ритмов, механизмы их возникновения, а также экзогенные и эндогенные факторы, приводящие к нарушениям циркадного ритма углеводного обмена, такие как сменная работа, нарушение естественного и искусственного освещения, смена часовых поясов, расстройства сна. Приведённые сведения способствуют формированию нового взгляда на патогенетические механизмы развития нарушений углеводного обмена при различных типах ожирения у мужчин и женщин, что даёт основания для поиска эффективных методов профилактики и лечения этих заболеваний, определения научнообоснованных режимов питания и физических нагрузок, а также подходов к их медикаментозной терапии.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article presents a review of the main circadian mechanisms regulating carbohydrate metabolism and their role in maintenance of energy homeostasis; the molecular genetic structure of the circadian system is also discussed. The role of adipose tissue and other organs and systems in the maintenance of circadian rhythm of carbohydrate metabolism, both in health and in obesity and diabetes, is highlighted. Particular attention is paid to diurnal rhythms of endocrine factors responsible for metabolic patterns of hormones such as cortisol, growth hormone and melatonin. Gender differences in the circadian regulation of energy and carbohydrate metabolism are also discussed, as well as their changes in different age periods. Article provides detailed review of the mechanisms of glucose utilization, reactivity of the pancreatic islets and peripheral insulin sensitivity shifts at different time periods of the day in people with normal body weight, android and gynoid types of obesity, both in women and men. Protective factors of energy metabolism circadian regulation structure preventing the development of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease in individuals with so-called “metabolically healthy” obesity type are discussed. Article provides a review of various pathways of circadian rhythm disturbances, mechanisms of their development, as well as exogenous and endogenous factors leading to carbohydrate metabolic circadian rhythm misalignment, such as shift work, untiming of natural and artificial lighting, jet lags, sleep disorders. Represented data contribute to a new look at the pathogenesis of obesity and carbohydrate metabolism disorders in various types of obesity in men and women, that provides basis for searching for new effective methods of prevention and treatment of these conditions, elaboration of evidence-based diets and physical activity recommendations, as well as approaches to their medical treatment.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>углеводный обмен</kwd><kwd>циркадные ритмы</kwd><kwd>инсулин</kwd><kwd>глюкоза</kwd><kwd>сахарный диабет</kwd><kwd>ожирение</kwd><kwd>жировая ткань</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>carbohydrate metabolism</kwd><kwd>circadian rhythms</kwd><kwd>insulin</kwd><kwd>glucose</kwd><kwd>diabetes mellitus</kwd><kwd>obesity</kwd><kwd>adipose tissue</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование проведено в рамках выполнения государственного задания учреждения</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Panda S. Circadian physiology of metabolism. Science. 2016; 354(6315): 1008-1015. doi: 10.1126/science.aah4967</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Panda S. Circadian physiology of metabolism. Science. 2016; 354(6315): 1008-1015. doi: 10.1126/science.aah4967</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пятин В.Ф., Романчук Н.П., Булгакова С.В., Романов Д.В., Сиротко И.И., Давыдкин И.Л. и др. Циркадианный стресс Homo Sapiens: новые нейрофизиологические, нейроэндокринные и психонейроиммунные механизмы. Бюллетень науки и практики. 2020; 6(6): 115-135. doi: 10.33619/2414-2948/55/16</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pyatin VF, Romanchuk NP, Bulgakova SV, Romanov DV, Sirotko II, Davydkin IL, et al. Homo Sapiens circadian stress: New neurophysiological, neuroendocrine and psychoneuroimmune mechanisms. Bulletin of Science and Practice. 2020; 6(6): 115-135. (In Russ.). doi: 10.33619/2414-2948/55/16</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кицышин В.П., Салухов В.В., Демидова Т.А., Сардинов Р.Т. Циркадная модель регуляции углеводного обмена в норме. Consilium Medicum. 2016; 18(4): 38-42.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kitsyshin VP, Salukhov VV, Demidova TA, Sardinov RT. Circadian model of carbohydrate metabolism regulation in normal. Consilium Medicum. 2016; 18(4): 38-42. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Froy O. Metabolism and circadian rhythms – implications for obesity. Endocrine Reviews. 2010; 31(1): 1-24. doi: 10.1210/er.2009-0014</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Froy O. Metabolism and circadian rhythms – implications for obesity. Endocrine Reviews. 2010; 31(1): 1-24. doi: 10.1210/er.2009-0014</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Randler C, Engelke J. Gender differences in chronotype diminish with age: A meta-analysis based on morningness/ chronotype questionnaires. Chronobiol Int. 2019; 36(7): 888-905. doi: 10.1080/07420528.2019.1585867</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Randler C, Engelke J. Gender differences in chronotype diminish with age: A meta-analysis based on morningness/ chronotype questionnaires. Chronobiol Int. 2019; 36(7): 888-905. doi: 10.1080/07420528.2019.1585867</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kalsbeek A, Fleur S, Fliers E. Circadian control of glucose metabolism. Mol Metab. 2014; 3(4): 372-383. doi: 10.1016/j.molmet.2014.03.002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kalsbeek A, Fleur S, Fliers E. Circadian control of glucose metabolism. Mol Metab. 2014; 3(4): 372-383. doi: 10.1016/j.molmet.2014.03.002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Peret J, Macaire I, Chanez M. Schedule of protein ingestion, nitrogen and energy utilization and circadian rhythm of hepatic glycogen, plasma corticosterone and insulin in rats. J Nutr. 1973; 103(6): 866-874. doi: 10.1093/jn/103.6.866</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Peret J, Macaire I, Chanez M. Schedule of protein ingestion, nitrogen and energy utilization and circadian rhythm of hepatic glycogen, plasma corticosterone and insulin in rats. J Nutr. 1973; 103(6): 866-874. doi: 10.1093/jn/103.6.866</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Armstrong SA. Chronometric approach to the study of feeding behavior. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1980; 4(1): 27-53. doi: 10.1016/0149-7634(80)90024-x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Armstrong SA. Chronometric approach to the study of feeding behavior. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1980; 4(1): 27-53. doi: 10.1016/0149-7634(80)90024-x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Южакова А.Е., Нелаева А.А., Хасанова Ю.В. Развитие нарушений углеводного обмена с позиций хронобиологии. Медицинский совет. 2018; 4: 42-47. doi: 10.21518/2079-701X2018-4-42-47</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yuzhakova AE, Nelaeva AA, Khasanova YuV. Development of carbohydrate metabolism disorder from the perspective of chronobiology. Medical Council. 2018; 4: 42-47. (In Russ.). doi: 10.21518/2079-701X-2018-4-42-47</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Poggiogalle E, Jamshed H, Peterson CM. Circadian regulation of glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism in humans. Metabolism. 2018; 84: 11-27. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.11.017</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Poggiogalle E, Jamshed H, Peterson CM. Circadian regulation of glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism in humans. Metabolism. 2018; 84: 11-27. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.11.017</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mohawk JA, Green CB, Takahashi JS. Central and peripheral circadian clocks in mammals. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2012; 35: 445-462. doi: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-060909-153128</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mohawk JA, Green CB, Takahashi JS. Central and peripheral circadian clocks in mammals. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2012; 35: 445-462. doi: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-060909-153128</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Цветкова Е.С., Романцова Т.И., Полуэктов М.Г., Рунова Г.Е., Глинкина И.В., Фадеев В.В. Значение мелатонина в регуляции метаболизма, пищевого поведения, сна и перспективы его применения при экзогенно-конституциональном ожирении. Ожирение и метаболизм. 2021; 18(2): 112-124. doi: 10.14341/omet12279</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsvetkova ES, Romantsova TI, Poluektov MG, Runova GE, Glinkina IV, Fadeev VV. The importance of melatonin in the regulation of metabolism, eating behavior, sleep, and the prospects for the use of melatonin drugs for obesity treatment. Obesity and Metabolism. 2021; 18(2): 112-124. (In Russ.). doi: 10.14341/omet12279</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jordan SD, Lamia KA. AMPK at the crossroads of circadian clocks and metabolism. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2013; 366(2): 163-169. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.06.017</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jordan SD, Lamia KA. AMPK at the crossroads of circadian clocks and metabolism. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2013; 366(2): 163-169. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.06.017</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Damiola F, Le Minh N, Preitner N, Kornmann B, Fleury-Olela F, Schibler U. Restricted feeding uncouples circadian oscillators in peripheral tissues from the central pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Genes Dev. 2000; 14(23): 2950-2961. doi: 10.1101/gad.183500</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Damiola F, Le Minh N, Preitner N, Kornmann B, Fleury-Olela F, Schibler U. Restricted feeding uncouples circadian oscillators in peripheral tissues from the central pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Genes Dev. 2000; 14(23): 2950-2961. doi: 10.1101/gad.183500</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kornmann B, Schaad O, Bujard H, Takahashi JS, Schibler U. System-driven and oscillator-dependent circadian transcription in mice with a conditionally active liver clock. PLoS Biology. 2007; 5(2): e34. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0050034</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kornmann B, Schaad O, Bujard H, Takahashi JS, Schibler U. System-driven and oscillator-dependent circadian transcription in mice with a conditionally active liver clock. PLoS Biology. 2007; 5(2): e34. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0050034</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huang N, Chelliah Y, Shan Y, Taylor CA, Yoo SH, Partch C, et al. Crystal structure of the heterodimeric CLOCK:BMAL1 transcriptional activator complex. Science (New York, NY). 2012; 337(6091): 189-194. doi: 10.1126/science.1222804</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huang N, Chelliah Y, Shan Y, Taylor CA, Yoo SH, Partch C, et al. Crystal structure of the heterodimeric CLOCK:BMAL1 transcriptional activator complex. Science (New York, NY). 2012; 337(6091): 189-194. doi: 10.1126/science.1222804</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Partch CL, Green CB, Takahashi JS. Molecular architecture of the mammalian circadian clock. Trends Cell Biol. 2014; 24(2): 9099. doi: 10.1016/j.tcb.2013.07.002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Partch CL, Green CB, Takahashi JS. Molecular architecture of the mammalian circadian clock. Trends Cell Biol. 2014; 24(2): 9099. doi: 10.1016/j.tcb.2013.07.002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aparicio NJ, Puchulu FE, Gagliardino JJ, Ruiz M, Llorens JM, Ruiz J, et al. Circadian variation of the blood glucose, plasma insulin and human growth hormone levels in response to an oral glucose load in normal subjects. Diabetes. 1974; 23(2): 132-137. doi: 10.2337/diab.23.2.132</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aparicio NJ, Puchulu FE, Gagliardino JJ, Ruiz M, Llorens JM, Ruiz J, et al. Circadian variation of the blood glucose, plasma insulin and human growth hormone levels in response to an oral glucose load in normal subjects. Diabetes. 1974; 23(2): 132-137. doi: 10.2337/diab.23.2.132</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wojtczak-Jaroszowa J. Physiological and clinical aspects of circadian variations in glucose tolerance. Chronobiologia. 1977; 4(4): 363-384.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wojtczak-Jaroszowa J. Physiological and clinical aspects of circadian variations in glucose tolerance. Chronobiologia. 1977; 4(4): 363-384.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hulmán A, Færch K, Vistisen D, Karsai J, Nyári TA, Tabák AG, et al. Effect of time of day and fasting duration on measures of glycaemia: Analysis from the Whitehall II Study. Diabetologia. 2013; 56(2): 294-297. doi: 10.1007/s00125-012-2770-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hulmán A, Færch K, Vistisen D, Karsai J, Nyári TA, Tabák AG, et al. Effect of time of day and fasting duration on measures of glycaemia: Analysis from the Whitehall II Study. Diabetologia. 2013; 56(2): 294-297. doi: 10.1007/s00125-012-2770-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pinkhasov BB, Selyatitskaya VG, Astrakhantseva EL, Anufrienko EV. Circadian rhythms of carbohydrate metabolism in women with different types of obesity. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2016; 161(3): 323-326. doi: 10.1007/s10517-016-3406-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pinkhasov BB, Selyatitskaya VG, Astrakhantseva EL, Anufrienko EV. Circadian rhythms of carbohydrate metabolism in women with different types of obesity. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2016; 161(3): 323-326. doi: 10.1007/s10517-016-3406-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee A, Ader M, Bray GA, Bergman RN. Diurnal variation in glucose tolerance. Cyclic suppression of insulin action and insulin secretion in normal-weight, but not obese, subjects. Diabetes. 1992; 41(6): 750-759. doi: 10.2337/diab.41.6.750</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee A, Ader M, Bray GA, Bergman RN. Diurnal variation in glucose tolerance. Cyclic suppression of insulin action and insulin secretion in normal-weight, but not obese, subjects. Diabetes. 1992; 41(6): 750-759. doi: 10.2337/diab.41.6.750</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pisu E, Diana A, Lombardi A, Cassader M, Pagano G. Diurnal variations in insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity in aged subjects. Acta Diabetol Lat. 1980; 17(2): 153-160. doi: 10.1007/BF02580997</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pisu E, Diana A, Lombardi A, Cassader M, Pagano G. Diurnal variations in insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity in aged subjects. Acta Diabetol Lat. 1980; 17(2): 153-160. doi: 10.1007/BF02580997</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bo S, Fadda M, Castiglione A, Ciccone G, De Francesco A, Fedele D, et al. Is the timing of caloric intake associated with variation in diet-induced thermogenesis and in the metabolic pattern? A randomized cross-over study. Int J Obes (Lond). 2015; 39(12): 1689-1695. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2015.138</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bo S, Fadda M, Castiglione A, Ciccone G, De Francesco A, Fedele D, et al. Is the timing of caloric intake associated with variation in diet-induced thermogenesis and in the metabolic pattern? A randomized cross-over study. Int J Obes (Lond). 2015; 39(12): 1689-1695. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2015.138</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boden G, Ruiz J, Urbain JL, Chen X. Evidence for a circadian rhythm of insulin secretion. Am J Physiol. 1996; 271(2 Pt 1): E246E252. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.1996.271.2.E246</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boden G, Ruiz J, Urbain JL, Chen X. Evidence for a circadian rhythm of insulin secretion. Am J Physiol. 1996; 271(2 Pt 1): E246E252. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.1996.271.2.E246</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Van Moorsel D, Hansen J, Havekes B, Scheer FA, Jörgensen JA, Hoeks J, et al. Demonstration of a day-night rhythm in human skeletal muscle oxidative capacity. Mol Metab. 2016; 5(8): 635-645. doi: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.06.012</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Van Moorsel D, Hansen J, Havekes B, Scheer FA, Jörgensen JA, Hoeks J, et al. Demonstration of a day-night rhythm in human skeletal muscle oxidative capacity. Mol Metab. 2016; 5(8): 635-645. doi: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.06.012</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hansen J, Timmers S, Moonen-Kornips E, Duez H, Staels B, Hesselink MK, et al. Synchronized human skeletal myotubes of lean, obese and type 2 diabetic patients maintain circadian oscillation of clock genes. Sci Rep. 2016; 6: 35047. doi: 10.1038/srep35047</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hansen J, Timmers S, Moonen-Kornips E, Duez H, Staels B, Hesselink MK, et al. Synchronized human skeletal myotubes of lean, obese and type 2 diabetic patients maintain circadian oscillation of clock genes. Sci Rep. 2016; 6: 35047. doi: 10.1038/srep35047</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Macauley M, Smith FE, Thelwall PE, Hollingsworth KG, Taylor R. Diurnal variation in skeletal muscle and liver glycogen in humans with normal health and type 2 diabetes. Clin Sci (Lond). 2015; 128(10): 707-713. doi: 10.1042/CS20140681</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Macauley M, Smith FE, Thelwall PE, Hollingsworth KG, Taylor R. Diurnal variation in skeletal muscle and liver glycogen in humans with normal health and type 2 diabetes. Clin Sci (Lond). 2015; 128(10): 707-713. doi: 10.1042/CS20140681</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carrasco‐Benso MP, Rivero‐Gutierrez B, Lopez‐Minguez J, Anzola A, Diez‐Noguera A, Madrid JA, et al. Human adipose tissue expresses intrinsic circadian rhythm in insulin sensitivity. FASEB J. 2016; 30(9): 3117-3123. doi: 10.1096/fj.201600269RR</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carrasco‐Benso MP, Rivero‐Gutierrez B, Lopez‐Minguez J, Anzola A, Diez‐Noguera A, Madrid JA, et al. Human adipose tissue expresses intrinsic circadian rhythm in insulin sensitivity. FASEB J. 2016; 30(9): 3117-3123. doi: 10.1096/fj.201600269RR</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пинхасов Б.Б., Сорокин М.Ю., Янковская С.В., Михайлова Н.И., Селятицкая В.Г. Гендерные особенности циркадного ритма углеводного обмена. Сибирский научный медицинский журнал. 2021; 41(2): 85-91. doi: 10.18699/SSMJ20210212</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pinkhasov BB, Sorokin MY, Yankovskaya SV, Mikhaylova NI, Selyatitskaya VG. Gender characteristics of the circadian rhythm of carbohydrate metabolism. The Siberian Scientific Medical Journal. 2021; 41(2): 85-91. (In Russ.). doi: 10.18699/SSMJ20210212</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Van Cauter E, Blackman JD, Roland D, Spire JP, Refetoff S, Polonsky KS. Modulation of glucose regulation and insulin secretion by circadian rhythmicity and sleep. J Clin Invest. 1991; 88(3): 934-942. doi: 10.1172/JCI115396</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Van Cauter E, Blackman JD, Roland D, Spire JP, Refetoff S, Polonsky KS. Modulation of glucose regulation and insulin secretion by circadian rhythmicity and sleep. J Clin Invest. 1991; 88(3): 934-942. doi: 10.1172/JCI115396</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Plat L, Leproult R, L’Hermite-Baleriaux M, Fery F, Mockel J, Polonsky KS, et al. Metabolic effects of short-term elevations of plasma cortisol are more pronounced in the evening than in the morning. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999; 84(9): 30823092. doi: 10.1210/jcem.84.9.5978</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Plat L, Leproult R, L’Hermite-Baleriaux M, Fery F, Mockel J, Polonsky KS, et al. Metabolic effects of short-term elevations of plasma cortisol are more pronounced in the evening than in the morning. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999; 84(9): 30823092. doi: 10.1210/jcem.84.9.5978</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Buonfiglio D, Parthimos R, Dantas R, Silva RC, Gomes G, Amdrade-Silva J, et al. Melatonin absence leads to long-term leptin resistance and overweight in rats. Front Endocrinol. 2018; 9: 122. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00122</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Buonfiglio D, Parthimos R, Dantas R, Silva RC, Gomes G, Amdrade-Silva J, et al. Melatonin absence leads to long-term leptin resistance and overweight in rats. Front Endocrinol. 2018; 9: 122. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00122</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vriend J, Reiter RJ. Melatonin feedback on clock genes: A theory involving the proteasome. J Pineal Res. 2015; 58(1): 1-11. doi: 10.1111/jpi.12189</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vriend J, Reiter RJ. Melatonin feedback on clock genes: A theory involving the proteasome. J Pineal Res. 2015; 58(1): 1-11. doi: 10.1111/jpi.12189</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Costes S, Boss M, Thomas AP, Matveyenko AV. Activation of melatonin signaling promotes β-cell survival and function. Mol Endocrinol. 2015; 29(5): 682-692. doi: 10.1210/me.2014-1293</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Costes S, Boss M, Thomas AP, Matveyenko AV. Activation of melatonin signaling promotes β-cell survival and function. Mol Endocrinol. 2015; 29(5): 682-692. doi: 10.1210/me.2014-1293</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ивашкин В.Т., Маевская М.В. Липотоксичность и метаболические нарушения при ожирении. Российский журнал гастроэнтерологии, гепатологии, колопроктологии. 2010; 1: 4-13.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivashkin VT, Maevskaya MV. Lipotoxicity and metabolic disorders in obesity. Russian Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Coloproctology. 2010; 1: 4-13. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Blüher S, Mantzoros CS. The role of leptin in regulating neuroendocrine function in humans. J Nutr. 2004; 134(9): 2469S2474S. doi: 10.1093/jn/134.9.2469S</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blüher S, Mantzoros CS. The role of leptin in regulating neuroendocrine function in humans. J Nutr. 2004; 134(9): 2469S2474S. doi: 10.1093/jn/134.9.2469S</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brøns C, Grunnet LG. Mechanisms in endocrinology: Skeletal muscle lipotoxicity in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes: A causal mechanism or an innocent bystander? Eur J Endocrinol. 2017; 176(2): R67-R78. doi: 10.1530/EJE-16-0488</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brøns C, Grunnet LG. Mechanisms in endocrinology: Skeletal muscle lipotoxicity in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes: A causal mechanism or an innocent bystander? Eur J Endocrinol. 2017; 176(2): R67-R78. doi: 10.1530/EJE-16-0488</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McHill AW, Phillips AJ, Czeisler CA, Keating L, Yee K, Barger LK, et al. Later circadian timing of food intake is associated with increased body fat. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017; 106(5): 1213-1219. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.117.161588</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McHill AW, Phillips AJ, Czeisler CA, Keating L, Yee K, Barger LK, et al. Later circadian timing of food intake is associated with increased body fat. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017; 106(5): 1213-1219. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.117.161588</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Obayashi K, Yamagami Y, Kurumatani N, Saeki K. Bedroom lighting environment and incident diabetes mellitus: A longitudinal study of the HEIJO-KYO cohort. Sleep Med. 2020; 65: 1-3. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2019.07.006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Obayashi K, Yamagami Y, Kurumatani N, Saeki K. Bedroom lighting environment and incident diabetes mellitus: A longitudinal study of the HEIJO-KYO cohort. Sleep Med. 2020; 65: 1-3. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2019.07.006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Acosta-Rodríguez VA, Rijo-Ferreira F, Green CB, Takahashi JS. Importance of circadian timing for aging and longevity. Nat Commun. 2021; 12(1): 2862. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-22922-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Acosta-Rodríguez VA, Rijo-Ferreira F, Green CB, Takahashi JS. Importance of circadian timing for aging and longevity. Nat Commun. 2021; 12(1): 2862. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-22922-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vetter C, Dashti HS, Lane JM, Anderson SG, Schernhammer ES, Rutter MK, et al. Night shift work, genetic risk, and type 2 diabetes in the UK biobank. Diabetes Care. 2018; 41(4): 762-769. doi: 10.2337/dc17-1933</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vetter C, Dashti HS, Lane JM, Anderson SG, Schernhammer ES, Rutter MK, et al. Night shift work, genetic risk, and type 2 diabetes in the UK biobank. Diabetes Care. 2018; 41(4): 762-769. doi: 10.2337/dc17-1933</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pan A, Schernhammer ES, Sun Q, Hu FB. Rotating night shift work and risk of type 2 diabetes: Two prospective cohort studies in women. PLoS Med. 2011; 8(12): e1001141. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001141</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pan A, Schernhammer ES, Sun Q, Hu FB. Rotating night shift work and risk of type 2 diabetes: Two prospective cohort studies in women. PLoS Med. 2011; 8(12): e1001141. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001141</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McFadden E, Jones ME, Schoemaker MJ, Ashworth A, Swerdlow AJ. The relationship between obesity and exposure to light at night: Cross-sectional analyses of over 100,000 women in the breakthrough generations study. Am J Epidemiol. 2014; 180(3): 245-250. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwu117</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McFadden E, Jones ME, Schoemaker MJ, Ashworth A, Swerdlow AJ. The relationship between obesity and exposure to light at night: Cross-sectional analyses of over 100,000 women in the breakthrough generations study. Am J Epidemiol. 2014; 180(3): 245-250. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwu117</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Obayashi K, Saeki K, Kurumatani N. Ambient light exposure and changes in obesity parameters: A longitudinal study of the HEIJO-KYO cohort. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016; 101(9): 3539-3547. doi: 10.1210/jc.2015-4123</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Obayashi K, Saeki K, Kurumatani N. Ambient light exposure and changes in obesity parameters: A longitudinal study of the HEIJO-KYO cohort. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016; 101(9): 3539-3547. doi: 10.1210/jc.2015-4123</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Obayashi K, Saeki K, Iwamoto J, Ikada Y, Kurumatani N. Independent associations of exposure to evening light and nocturnal urinary melatonin excretion with diabetes in the elderly. Chronobiol Int. 2014; 31(3): 394-400. doi: 10.3109/07420528.2013.864299</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Obayashi K, Saeki K, Iwamoto J, Ikada Y, Kurumatani N. Independent associations of exposure to evening light and nocturnal urinary melatonin excretion with diabetes in the elderly. Chronobiol Int. 2014; 31(3): 394-400. doi: 10.3109/07420528.2013.864299</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reid KJ, Santostasi G, Baron KG, Wilson J, Kang J, Zee PC. Timing and intensity of light correlate with body weight in adults. PloS One. 2014; 9(4): e92251. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092251</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reid KJ, Santostasi G, Baron KG, Wilson J, Kang J, Zee PC. Timing and intensity of light correlate with body weight in adults. PloS One. 2014; 9(4): e92251. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092251</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Park YMM, White AJ, Jackson CL, Weinberg CR, Sandler DP. Association of exposure to artificial light at night while sleeping with risk of obesity in women. JAMA Intern Med. 2019; 179(8): 10611071. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.0571</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Park YMM, White AJ, Jackson CL, Weinberg CR, Sandler DP. Association of exposure to artificial light at night while sleeping with risk of obesity in women. JAMA Intern Med. 2019; 179(8): 10611071. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.0571</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fukushige H, Fukuda Y, Tanaka M, Inami K, Wada K, Tsumura Y, et al. Effects of tryptophan-rich breakfast and light exposure during the daytime on melatonin secretion at night. J Physiol Anthropol. 2014; 33(1): 33. doi: 10.1186/1880-6805-33-33</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fukushige H, Fukuda Y, Tanaka M, Inami K, Wada K, Tsumura Y, et al. Effects of tryptophan-rich breakfast and light exposure during the daytime on melatonin secretion at night. J Physiol Anthropol. 2014; 33(1): 33. doi: 10.1186/1880-6805-33-33</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Алексеева Н.С., Салмина-Хвостова О.И., Белобородова Е.В. Взаимосвязь нарушений пищевого поведения с уровнем мелатонина и серотонина при метаболическом синдроме. Сибирский вестник психиатрии и наркологии. 2016; 4(93): 39-44.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alekseeva NS, Salmina-Khvostova OI, Beloborodova EV. Relationship between eating disorders and melatonin and serotonin levels in metabolic syndrome. Siberian Herald of Psychiatry and Addiction Psychiatry. 2016; 4(93): 39-44. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Успенский Ю.П., Соусова Я.В., Фоминых Ю.А. Оценка роли гормонов в формировании пищевого поведения у пациентов с метаболическим синдромом. Дневник Казанской медицинской школы. 2019; 2(24): 8-14.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Uspenskiy YP, Sousova YV, Fominykh YA. Evaluation of the role of hormones in the formation of eating behavior in patients with metabolic syndrome. Dnevnik Kazanskoy meditsinskoy shkoly. 2019; 2(24): 8-14. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Roenneberg T, Allebrandt KV, Merrow M, Vetter C. Social jetlag and obesity. Curr Biol. 2012; 22(10): 939-943. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2012.03.038</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Roenneberg T, Allebrandt KV, Merrow M, Vetter C. Social jetlag and obesity. Curr Biol. 2012; 22(10): 939-943. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2012.03.038</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koopman AD, Rauh SP, van ‘t Riet E, Groeneveld L, van Der Heijden AA, Elders PJ, et al. The association between social jetlag, the metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes mellitus in the general population: The new Hoorn study. J Biol Rhythms. 2017; 32(4): 359-368. doi: 10.1177/0748730417713572</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koopman AD, Rauh SP, van ‘t Riet E, Groeneveld L, van Der Heijden AA, Elders PJ, et al. The association between social jetlag, the metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes mellitus in the general population: The new Hoorn study. J Biol Rhythms. 2017; 32(4): 359-368. doi: 10.1177/0748730417713572</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jin HK. Diabetes and circadian rhythm. J Korean Diabetes. 2020; 21(2): 59-63. doi: 10.4093/jkd.2020.21.2.59</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jin HK. Diabetes and circadian rhythm. J Korean Diabetes. 2020; 21(2): 59-63. doi: 10.4093/jkd.2020.21.2.59</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Южакова А.Е., Нелаева А.А., Хасанова Ю.В., Медведева И.В. Факторы риска нарушений углеводного обмена с позиций хронобиологии. Вопросы питания. 2020; 89(6): 23-30. doi: 10.24411/0042-8833-2020-10075</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yuzhakova AE, Nelaeva AA, Khasanova YV, Medvedeva IV. Risk factors for carbohydrate metabolism disorders from the standpoint of chronobiology. Problems of Nutrition. 2020; 89(6): 23-30. (In Russ.). doi: 10.24411/0042-8833-2020-10075</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McHill AW, Melanson EL, Higgins J, Connick E, Moehlman TM, Stothard ER, et al. Impact of circadian misalignment on energy metabolism during simulated nightshift work. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2014; 111(48): 302-317. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1412021111</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McHill AW, Melanson EL, Higgins J, Connick E, Moehlman TM, Stothard ER, et al. Impact of circadian misalignment on energy metabolism during simulated nightshift work. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2014; 111(48): 302-317. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1412021111</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vetter C, Devore EE, Ramin CA, Speizer FE, Willett WC, Schernhammer ES. Mismatch of sleep and work timing and risk of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2015; 38(9): 1707-1713. doi: 10.2337/dc15-0302</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vetter C, Devore EE, Ramin CA, Speizer FE, Willett WC, Schernhammer ES. Mismatch of sleep and work timing and risk of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2015; 38(9): 1707-1713. doi: 10.2337/dc15-0302</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chattu VK, Chattu SK, Burman D, Spence DW, PandiPerumal SR. The interlinked rising epidemic of insufficient sleep and diabetes mellitus. Healthcare (Basel). 2019; 7(1): 37. doi: 10.3390/healthcare7010037</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chattu VK, Chattu SK, Burman D, Spence DW, PandiPerumal SR. The interlinked rising epidemic of insufficient sleep and diabetes mellitus. Healthcare (Basel). 2019; 7(1): 37. doi: 10.3390/healthcare7010037</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hutchison AT, Wittert GA, Heilbronn LK. Matching meals to body clocks-impact on weight and glucose metabolism. Nutrients. 2017; 9(3): 222. doi: 10.3390/nu9030222</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hutchison AT, Wittert GA, Heilbronn LK. Matching meals to body clocks-impact on weight and glucose metabolism. Nutrients. 2017; 9(3): 222. doi: 10.3390/nu9030222</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit60"><label>60</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cribbet MR, Logan RW, Edwards MD, Hanlon E, Bien Peek C, Stubblefield JJ, et al. Circadian rhythms and metabolism: From the brain to the gut and back again. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2016; 1385(1): 21-40. doi: 10.1111/nyas.13188</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cribbet MR, Logan RW, Edwards MD, Hanlon E, Bien Peek C, Stubblefield JJ, et al. Circadian rhythms and metabolism: From the brain to the gut and back again. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2016; 1385(1): 21-40. doi: 10.1111/nyas.13188</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit61"><label>61</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gu C, Brereton N, Schweitzer A, Cotter M, Duan D, Børsheim E, et al. Metabolic effects of late dinner in healthy volunteers – a randomized crossover clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020; 105(8): 2789-2802. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa354</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gu C, Brereton N, Schweitzer A, Cotter M, Duan D, Børsheim E, et al. Metabolic effects of late dinner in healthy volunteers – a randomized crossover clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020; 105(8): 2789-2802. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa354</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit62"><label>62</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sato M, Nakamura K, Ogata H, Miyashita A, Nagasaka S, Omi N, et al. Acute effect of late evening meal on diurnal variation of blood glucose and energy metabolism. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2011; 5(3): e169-e266. doi: 10.1016/j.orcp.2011.02.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sato M, Nakamura K, Ogata H, Miyashita A, Nagasaka S, Omi N, et al. Acute effect of late evening meal on diurnal variation of blood glucose and energy metabolism. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2011; 5(3): e169-e266. doi: 10.1016/j.orcp.2011.02.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit63"><label>63</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lopez-Minguez J, Saxena R, Bandín C, Scheer FA, Garaulet M. Late dinner impairs glucose tolerance in MTNR1B risk allele carriers: A randomized, cross-over study. Clin Nutr. 2018: 37(4): 1133-1140. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2017.04.003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lopez-Minguez J, Saxena R, Bandín C, Scheer FA, Garaulet M. Late dinner impairs glucose tolerance in MTNR1B risk allele carriers: A randomized, cross-over study. Clin Nutr. 2018: 37(4): 1133-1140. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2017.04.003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit64"><label>64</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lyssenko V, Nagorny CL, Erdos MR, Wierup N, Jonsson A, Spegel P, et al. Common variant in MTNRIB associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes and impaired early insulin secretion. Nat Genet. 2009; 41(1): 82-89. doi: 10.1038/ng.288</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lyssenko V, Nagorny CL, Erdos MR, Wierup N, Jonsson A, Spegel P, et al. Common variant in MTNRIB associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes and impaired early insulin secretion. Nat Genet. 2009; 41(1): 82-89. doi: 10.1038/ng.288</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit65"><label>65</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mulder H. Melatonin signalling and type 2 diabetes risk: Too little, too much or just right? Diabetologia. 2017; 60(5): 826-829. doi: 10.1007/s00125-017-4249-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mulder H. Melatonin signalling and type 2 diabetes risk: Too little, too much or just right? Diabetologia. 2017; 60(5): 826-829. doi: 10.1007/s00125-017-4249-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit66"><label>66</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Garaulet M, Gómez-Abellán P, Rubio-Sastre P, Madrid JA., Saxena R, Scheer FA. Common type 2 diabetes risk variant in MTNR1B worsens the deleterious effect of melatonin on glucose tolerance in humans. Metabolism. 2015; 64(12): 1650-1657. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.08.003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Garaulet M, Gómez-Abellán P, Rubio-Sastre P, Madrid JA., Saxena R, Scheer FA. Common type 2 diabetes risk variant in MTNR1B worsens the deleterious effect of melatonin on glucose tolerance in humans. Metabolism. 2015; 64(12): 1650-1657. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.08.003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit67"><label>67</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Morse SA, Ciechanowski PS, Katon WJ, Hirsch IB. Isn’t this just bedtime snacking? The potential adverse effects of night-eating symptoms on treatment adherence and outcomes in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006; 29(8): 1800-1804. doi: 10.2337/dc06-0315</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morse SA, Ciechanowski PS, Katon WJ, Hirsch IB. Isn’t this just bedtime snacking? The potential adverse effects of night-eating symptoms on treatment adherence and outcomes in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006; 29(8): 1800-1804. doi: 10.2337/dc06-0315</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit68"><label>68</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wehrens SM, Christou S, Isherwood C, Middleton B, Gibbs MA, Archer SN, et al. Meal timing regulates the human circadian system. Curr Biol. 2017; 27(12): 1768e3-1775.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.04.059</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wehrens SM, Christou S, Isherwood C, Middleton B, Gibbs MA, Archer SN, et al. Meal timing regulates the human circadian system. Curr Biol. 2017; 27(12): 1768e3-1775.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.04.059</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit69"><label>69</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mukherji A, Kobiita A, Damara M, Misra N, Meziane H, Champy MF, et al. Shifting eating to the circadian rest phase misaligns the peripheral clocks with the master SCN clock and leads to a metabolic syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015; 112(48): E6691-E6698. doi 10.1073/pnas.1519807112</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mukherji A, Kobiita A, Damara M, Misra N, Meziane H, Champy MF, et al. Shifting eating to the circadian rest phase misaligns the peripheral clocks with the master SCN clock and leads to a metabolic syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015; 112(48): E6691-E6698. doi 10.1073/pnas.1519807112</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit70"><label>70</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Van der Vinne V, Swoap SJ, Vajtay TJ, Weaver DR. Desynchrony between brain and peripheral clocks caused by CK1δ/ε disruption in GABA neurons does not lead to adverse metabolic outcomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018; 115(10): E2437-E2446. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1712324115</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Van der Vinne V, Swoap SJ, Vajtay TJ, Weaver DR. Desynchrony between brain and peripheral clocks caused by CK1δ/ε disruption in GABA neurons does not lead to adverse metabolic outcomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018; 115(10): E2437-E2446. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1712324115</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit71"><label>71</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leung GKW, Huggins CE, Bonham MP. Effect of meal timing on postprandial glucose responses to a low glycemic index meal: A crossover trial in healthy volunteers. Clin Nutr. 2019; 38(1): 465-471. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2017.11.010</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leung GKW, Huggins CE, Bonham MP. Effect of meal timing on postprandial glucose responses to a low glycemic index meal: A crossover trial in healthy volunteers. Clin Nutr. 2019; 38(1): 465-471. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2017.11.010</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit72"><label>72</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kammerlander AA, Lyass A, Mahoney TF, Massaro JM, Long MT, Vasan RS, et al. Sex differences in the associations of visceral adipose tissue and cardiometabolic and cardiovascular disease risk: The Framingham heart study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021; 10(11): e019968. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.120.019968</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kammerlander AA, Lyass A, Mahoney TF, Massaro JM, Long MT, Vasan RS, et al. Sex differences in the associations of visceral adipose tissue and cardiometabolic and cardiovascular disease risk: The Framingham heart study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021; 10(11): e019968. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.120.019968</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit73"><label>73</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pinkhasov BB, Selyatitskaya VG, Karapetyan AR, Lutov YV. Association of aging-related obesity and metabolic syndrome in men. Adv Gerontol. 2016; 6(3): 224-230. doi: 10.1134/s2079057016030085</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pinkhasov BB, Selyatitskaya VG, Karapetyan AR, Lutov YV. Association of aging-related obesity and metabolic syndrome in men. Adv Gerontol. 2016; 6(3): 224-230. doi: 10.1134/s2079057016030085</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit74"><label>74</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pinkhasov BB, Selyatitskaya VG, Karapetyan AR, Galanova ZM, Dobrovolskaya NP. Age dependence of association between metabolic syndrome and obesity among women. Adv Gerontol. 2013; 3(3): 205-210. doi: 10.1134/S2079057013030107</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pinkhasov BB, Selyatitskaya VG, Karapetyan AR, Galanova ZM, Dobrovolskaya NP. Age dependence of association between metabolic syndrome and obesity among women. Adv Gerontol. 2013; 3(3): 205-210. doi: 10.1134/S2079057013030107</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit75"><label>75</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мустафина С.В., Винтер Д.А., Щербакова Л.В., Малютина С.К., Рагино Ю.И., Рымар ОД. Половозрастные особенности распространённости метаболически здорового фенотипа ожирения. Бюллетень сибирской медицины. 2020; 19(1): 76-84. doi: 10.20538/1682-0363-2020-1-76-84</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mustafina SV, Vinter DA, Shcherbakova LV, Malyutina SK, Ragino YI, Rymar OD. Sex and age characteristics of the prevalence of metabolically healthy obesity phenotype. Bulletin of Siberian Medicine. 2020; 19(1): 76-84. (In Russ.). doi: 10.20538/1682-03632020-1-76-84</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit76"><label>76</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Селятицкая В.Г., Пинхасов Б.Б., Карапетян А.Р., Кузьминова О.И. Адипокины и риск развития метаболических нарушений при разных типах ожирения у женщин. Терапевтический архив. 2015; 87(10): 80-84.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Selyatitskaya VG, Pinkhasov BB, Karapetyan AR, Kuz’minova OI. Adipokines and the risk of developing metabolic disorders in women with different types of obesity. Terapevticheskii arkhiv. 2015; 87(10): 80-84. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit77"><label>77</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Isherwood CM, Van der Veen DR, Johnston JD, Skene DJ. Twenty four hour rhythmicity of circulating metabolites: Effect of body mass and type 2 diabetes. FASEB J. 2017; 31(12): 5557-5567. doi: 10.1096/fj.201700323R</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Isherwood CM, Van der Veen DR, Johnston JD, Skene DJ. Twenty four hour rhythmicity of circulating metabolites: Effect of body mass and type 2 diabetes. FASEB J. 2017; 31(12): 5557-5567. doi: 10.1096/fj.201700323R</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit78"><label>78</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shapiro ET, Polonsky KS, Copinschi G, Bosson D, Tillil H, Blacman J, et al. Nocturnal elevation of glucose levels during fasting in noninsulin-dependent diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1991; 72(2): 444-454. doi: 10.1210/jcem-72-2-444</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shapiro ET, Polonsky KS, Copinschi G, Bosson D, Tillil H, Blacman J, et al. Nocturnal elevation of glucose levels during fasting in noninsulin-dependent diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1991; 72(2): 444-454. doi: 10.1210/jcem-72-2-444</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit79"><label>79</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Radziuk J, Pye S. Diurnal rhythm in endogenous glucose production is a major contributor to fasting hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes. Suprachiasmatic deficit or limit cycle behaviour? Diabetologia. 2006; 49(7): 1619-1628. doi: 10.1007/s00125-0060273-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Radziuk J, Pye S. Diurnal rhythm in endogenous glucose production is a major contributor to fasting hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes. Suprachiasmatic deficit or limit cycle behaviour? Diabetologia. 2006; 49(7): 1619-1628. doi: 10.1007/s00125-0060273-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit80"><label>80</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hogenboom R, Kalsbeek MJ, Korpel NL, de Goede P, Koenen M, Buijs RM, et al. Loss of arginine vasopressin- and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-containing neurons and glial cells in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2019; 62(11): 2088-2093. doi: 10.1007/s00125-0194953-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hogenboom R, Kalsbeek MJ, Korpel NL, de Goede P, Koenen M, Buijs RM, et al. Loss of arginine vasopressin- and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-containing neurons and glial cells in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2019; 62(11): 2088-2093. doi: 10.1007/s00125-0194953-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
