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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">actabiomedica</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Acta Biomedica Scientifica</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Acta Biomedica Scientifica</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2541-9420</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-9596</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Centre for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29413/ABS.2023-8.1.13</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">actabiomedica-3994</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОНКОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ONCOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Предшественники, пути канцерогенеза и молекулярные маркеры плоскоклеточной карциномы вульвы. Литературный обзор</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Precursors, pathways of carcinogenesis and molecular markers of vulvar squamous cell carcinoma. Literature review</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6019-3463</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пахарукова</surname><given-names>М. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pakharukova</surname><given-names>M. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Пахарукова Мария Игоревна – биолог лаборатории цитологии, 620144, г. Екатеринбург, ул. 8 Марта, 78-В;</p><p>младший научный сотрудник лаборатории иммунофизиологии и иммунофармакологии, 620049, г. Екатеринбург, ул. Первомайская, 106</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Maria I. Pakharukova – Biologist at the Laboratory of Cytology, 8 Marta str. 78-B, Yekaterinburg 620144;</p><p>Junior Research Officer at the Laboratory of Immunophysiology and Immunopharmacology, Pervomaiskaya str. 106, Yekaterinburg 620049</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Pakharukovami@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6368-0099</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Юшков</surname><given-names>Б. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yushkov</surname><given-names>B. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Юшков Борис Германович – доктор медицинских наук, профессор, член-корреспондент РАН, заведующий лабораторией иммунофизиологии и иммунофармакологии, </p><p>620049, г. Екатеринбург, ул. Первомайская, 106</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Boris G. Yushkov – Dr. Sc. (Med.)., Professor, Corresponding Member of RAS, Head of the Laboratory of Immunophysiology and Immunopharmacology, </p><p>Pervomaiskaya str. 106, Yekaterinburg 620049</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">b.yushkov@iip.uran.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бейкин</surname><given-names>Я. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Beikin</surname><given-names>Ya. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бейкин Яков Борисович – доктор биологических наук, профессор, главный врач, 620144, г. Екатеринбург, ул. 8 Марта, 78-В;</p><p>заведующий лабораторией иммунопатофизиологии, 620049, г. Екатеринбург, ул. Первомайская, 106</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yakov B. Beikin – Dr. Sc. (Biol.), Professor, Chief Physician, 8 Marta str. 78-B, Yekaterinburg 620144;</p><p>Head of the laboratory of Immunopathophysiology, Pervomaiskaya str. 106, Yekaterinburg 620049</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">inbox@kdc-lab.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГАУЗ СО «Клинико-диагностический центр город Екатеринбург»;&#13;
ФГБУН Институт иммунологии и физиологии УрО РАН</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Clinical Diagnostic Center of Yekaterinburg;&#13;
Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУН Институт иммунологии и физиологии УрО РАН</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>09</day><month>03</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>8</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>117</fpage><lpage>126</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Пахарукова М.И., Юшков Б.Г., Бейкин Я.Б., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Пахарукова М.И., Юшков Б.Г., Бейкин Я.Б.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Pakharukova M.I., Yushkov B.G., Beikin Y.B.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.actabiomedica.ru/jour/article/view/3994">https://www.actabiomedica.ru/jour/article/view/3994</self-uri><abstract><p>В обзоре проанализированы и обобщены результаты исследований, изучающих патогенез плоскоклеточного рака вульвы и особенности его  диагностики, рассмотрены предшествующие состояния и молекулярные подтипы карцином. Несмотря на  относительно низкую встречаемость опухоли, за  последние несколько десятилетий отмечается тенденция к росту заболеваемости, в том числе среди молодых женщин. Согласно последней классификации Всемирной организации здравоохранения опухолей нижнего отдела генитального тракта от 2020  г., плоскоклеточный рак вульвы подразделяется на ассоциированный с вирусом папилломы человека (ВПЧ) и ВПЧ-независимый. В то время как морфологически эти карциномы часто являются сходными, механизмы канцерогенеза, предшественники, а также клинические исходы у них различны. Только лишь обнаружение ДНК вируса в опухоли недостаточно для установки ВПЧ-статуса. В то же время иммуногистохимическое обнаружение экспрессии белков p16 и p53 позволяет не только разделить два патогенетических пути канцерогенеза, но и выявить его молекулярные подтипы. Получены данные о том, что экспрессию p16 и p53 возможно также использовать в качестве молекулярных маркеров прогноза заболевания. В  настоящее время тактика лечения и наблюдения пациенток не зависит от ВПЧ-статуса карциномы, однако результаты исследований последних лет говорят о том, что женщины с  ВПЧ-положительным раком вульвы имеют значительно более высокие показатели выживаемости и меньший риск возникновения рецидивов. Понимание механизмов канцерогенеза и усовершенствование его диагностики позволит улучшить оценку индивидуального риска прогресса предопухолевых состояний, а также исход и возникновение рецидива опухоли. </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The review analyzes and summarizes the results of the studies on the pathogenesis of  vulvar squamous cell carcinoma and its diagnostic features, reviews precursors and  molecular subtypes of carcinomas. Despite the relatively low incidence of this tumor, over the past few decades, there has been an upward trend in its incidence, including the incidence among young women. According to the latest World Health Organization classification of lower genital tumors from 2020, vulvar squamous cell carcinoma is divided into human papillomavirus (HPV) associated and HPV-independent. While these carcinomas are often morphologically similar, their mechanisms of carcinogenesis, precursors, and clinical outcomes are different. Just the detection of virus DNA in a tumor is not enough to establish HPV status. Meanwhile immunohistochemical detection of the expression of p16 and p53 proteins allows not only to separate two pathogenetic pathways of carcinogenesis, but also to identify its molecular subtypes. The data on the possible use of p16 and p53 expression as the disease prognosis molecular markers have been obtained. Currently, the tactics of treatment and monitoring patients does not depend on the HPV status of carcinoma; however, the results of recent studies suggest that women with HPV positive vulvar cancer have significantly higher survival rates and a lower risk of recurrence. Understanding the mechanisms of carcinogenesis and improving its diagnosis will advance the assessment of the individual risk of the progression of precancerous lesions, as well as the outcome and the occurrence of tumor recurrence. </p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>плоскоклеточная карцинома вульвы</kwd><kwd>интраэпителиальная неоплазия</kwd><kwd>вирус папилломы человека</kwd><kwd>p16</kwd><kwd>p53</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>vulvar squamous cell carcinoma</kwd><kwd>intraepithelial neoplasia</kwd><kwd>human papillomavirus</kwd><kwd>p16</kwd><kwd>p53</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Trietsch MD, Nooij LS, Gaarenstroom KN, van Poelgeest MI. Genetic and epigenetic changes in vulvar squamous cell carcinoma and its precursor lesions: A review of the current literature. 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