<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">actabiomedica</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Acta Biomedica Scientifica</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Acta Biomedica Scientifica</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2541-9420</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-9596</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Centre for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29413/ABS.2021-6.6-1.13</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">actabiomedica-3117</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОФТАЛЬМОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>OPHTHALMOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Объём макулы и толщина фовеа как ОКТ-признаки рассеянного склероза. Предварительные результаты</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Macular volume and fovea thickness as OCT-criteria for multiple sclerosis. Preliminary results</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3954-6233</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коновалов</surname><given-names>М. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Konovalov</surname><given-names>M. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> доктор медицинских наук, профессор кафедры офтальмологии; главный врач </p><p>125371, г. Москва, Волоколамское шоссе, 91, Россия</p><p>125047, г. Москва, ул. 3-я Тверская-Ямская, 56/6, Россия</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> Dr. Sc. (Med.), Professor at the Department of Ophthalmology; Chief Physician</p><p> Volokolamskoe highway 91, Moscow 125371, Russian Federation </p><p>3rd Tverskaya-Yamskaya str. 56/6, Moscow 125047, Russian Federation </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">konovalov@konovalov-eye-center.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8501-277X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зенина</surname><given-names>М. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zenina</surname><given-names>M. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> кандидат медицинских наук, заместитель главного врача</p><p>125047, г. Москва, ул. 3-я Тверская-Ямская, 56/6, Россия</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> Can d. Sc. (Med.), Deputy Chief Physician </p><p>3rd Tverskaya-Yamskaya str. 56/6, Moscow 125047, Russian Federation </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zenina@konovalov-eye-center.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4585-5339</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бурдель</surname><given-names>К. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Burdel</surname><given-names>K. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> врач-офтальмолог</p><p>125047, г. Москва, ул. 3-я Тверская-Ямская, 56/6, Россия</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> Ophthalmologist </p><p> 3rd Tverskaya-Yamskaya str. 56/6, Moscow 125047, Russian Federation </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">konstantinburdel@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3597-2101</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коновалова</surname><given-names>М. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Konovalova</surname><given-names>M. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> кандидат медицинских наук, врач-офтальмолог</p><p>125284, г. Москва, 2-й Боткинский пр-д, 5, корп. 19, Россия</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> Cand. Sc. (Med.), Ophthalmologist</p><p> 2nd Botkinsky dr. 5 build 19, Moscow 125284, Russian Federation </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">drkonovalovamaria@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Академия постдипломного образования Федерального научно-клинического центра специализированных видов медицинской помощи и медицинских технологий ФМБА России;&#13;
ООО «Офтальмологический центр Коновалова»</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Academy of Postgraduate Education of Federal Research and Clinical Center of Specialized Medical Care and Medical Technologies of FMBA of Russia;&#13;
Konovalov Eye Center </institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ООО «Офтальмологический центр Коновалова»</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Konovalov Eye Center </institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГБУЗ города Москвы Городская клиническая больница им. С.П. Боткина Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Botkin Hospital</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>12</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>6</volume><issue>6-1</issue><fpage>113</fpage><lpage>121</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Коновалов М.Е., Зенина М.Л., Бурдель К.В., Коновалова М.М., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Коновалов М.Е., Зенина М.Л., Бурдель К.В., Коновалова М.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Konovalov M.E., Zenina M.L., Burdel K.V., Konovalova M.M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.actabiomedica.ru/jour/article/view/3117">https://www.actabiomedica.ru/jour/article/view/3117</self-uri><abstract><p>Обоснование. Известны и многократно описаны характерные изменения диска зрительного нерва при проведении оптической когерентной томографии (ОКТ) у пациентов с рассеянным склерозом, однако мало работ уделяет внимание состоянию макулярной зоны.Цель: оценить изменения макулярной зоны сетчатки у пациентов с рассеянным склерозом, выявить патогномоничные для этого заболевания ОКТпризнаки и проследить их изменения во времени по мере прогрессирования заболевания.Материал и методы. 28 пациентам (55 глаз) с диагнозом «рассеянный склероз» помимо стандартного офтальмологического осмотра проводилась ОКТ макулярной зоны с определением толщины фовеа и объёма макулы в зоне 6 мм. Срок наблюдения составил 6–12 лет. Конечными точками были выбраны первичное обращение и последний на настоящий момент осмотр. Результаты. При первичном обращении острота зрения составила 0,96 ± 0,24 (95% ДИ: 0,9–1,03); толщина фовеа – 253,0 мкм (Q1–Q3: 233,0–264,0); объём макулы – 5,471 мм3 (Q1–Q3: 5,281–5,625). В 37 случаях (67,3 %) объём макулы был ниже нормы. Исходная толщина фовеа была ниже нормы в 9 случаях (16,4 %). В конце исследования острота зрения статистически не изменилась (p = 0,824) и составила 0,96 ± 0,25 (95% ДИ: 0,90–1,04). Конечная толщина фовеа составила 247,5 мкм (Q1–Q3: 233,0–260,0), изменения статистически значимы (p = 0,02). Однако количество случаев с толщиной ниже нормы в финале исследования было 11 (20 %), изменения частоты случаев статистически не значимы (p = 0,5). Финальный объём макулы составил 5,393 мм3 (Q1–Q3: 5,197–5,565), изменения статистически значимы (p = 0,023). Финальное количество случаев с объёмом ниже нормы – 42 (76,4 %), изменение частоты случаев близко к статистически значимому (p = 0,063). На всех этапах наблюдения не было выявлено случая изолированного снижения толщины фовеа без снижения объёма макулы.Заключение. Снижение со временем объёма макулы с сохранением толщины фовеа в пределах нормы можно отнести к патогномоничным ОКТ-признакам рассеянного склероза. Данный критерий может быть использован для комплексной оценки течения и терапии данного заболевания.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Background. The characteristic optical coherence tomography (OCT) changes in the optic nerve head in patients with multiple sclerosis are known and have been described many times, however, the state of the macular area is described in a small number of publications.The aim: to analyze the changes in the macular area of the retina in patients with multiple sclerosis, to identify the OCT signs pathognomonic for this disease and to trace their changes over time as the disease progresses.Material and methods. In addition to the standard ophthalmological examination, 28 patients (55 eyes) diagnosed with multiple sclerosis underwent OCT of the macular zone to determine the thickness of the fovea and the volume of the macula in the 6 mm zone. The follow-up period was 6–12 years. The endpoints were the primary treatment and the most recent inspection.Results. At the initial examination, the visual acuity was 0.96 ± 0.24 (95% CI: 0.9–1.03), fovea thickness – 253.0 μm (Q1–Q3: 233.0–264.0), macular volume – 5.471 mm3 (Q1–Q3: 5.281–5.625). In 37 cases (67.3 %), the macular volume was below normal. The initial fovea thickness was below normal in 9 cases (16.4 %). At the end of the study, visual acuity did not change statistically (p = 0.824) and amounted to 0.96 ± 0.25 (95% CI: 0.90–1.04). The fi nal thickness of the fovea was 247.5 μm (Q1–Q3: 233.0–260.0), changes are statistically significant (p = 0.02). Number of cases with a thickness below normal in the fi nal study was 11 (20 %), change of frequency of cases was not statistically signifi cant (p = 0.5). The fi nal macular volume was 5.393 mm3 (Q1–Q3: 5.197–5.565), the changes are statistically significant (p = 0.023). The final number of cases with a volume below the norm was 42 (76.4 %), the change in the frequency of cases is close to statistically signifi cant (p = 0.063). At all stages of the study, there was no case of an isolated decrease in the thickness of the fovea without a decrease in the volume of the macula.Conclusion. The decrease in the volume of the macula with time while maintaining the thickness of the fovea within the normal range can be attributed to the pathognomonic OCT signs of multiple sclerosis. This criterion can be used for a comprehensive assessment of the course and therapy of this disease.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>рассеянный склероз</kwd><kwd>оптическая когерентная томография</kwd><kwd>макула</kwd><kwd>объём макулы</kwd><kwd>толщина фовеа</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>multiple sclerosis</kwd><kwd>optical coherence tomography</kwd><kwd>macula</kwd><kwd>macular volume</kwd><kwd>fovea thickness</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ehtesham N, Mosallaei M, Karimzadeh MR, Moradikazerouni H, Sharifi M. microRNAs: Key modulators of disease-modifying therapies in multiple sclerosis. Int Rev Immunol. 2020; 39(6): 264-279. doi: 10.1080/08830185.2020.1779712</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ehtesham N, Mosallaei M, Karimzadeh MR, Moradikazerouni H, Sharifi M. microRNAs: Key modulators of disease-modifying therapies in multiple sclerosis. Int Rev Immunol. 2020; 39(6): 264-279. doi: 10.1080/08830185.2020.1779712</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ikuta F, Zimmerman HM. Distribution of plaques in seventy autopsy cases of multiple sclerosis in the United States. Neurology. 1976; 26(6 PT 2): 26-28. doi: 10.1212/wnl.26.6_part_2.26</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ikuta F, Zimmerman HM. Distribution of plaques in seventy autopsy cases of multiple sclerosis in the United States. Neurology. 1976; 26(6 PT 2): 26-28. doi: 10.1212/wnl.26.6_part_2.26</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Toussaint D, Périer O, Verstappen A, Bervoets S. Clinicopathological study of the visual pathways, eyes, and cerebral hemispheres in 32 cases of disseminated sclerosis. J Clin Neuroophthalmol. 1983; 3(3): 211-220.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Toussaint D, Périer O, Verstappen A, Bervoets S. Clinicopathological study of the visual pathways, eyes, and cerebral hemispheres in 32 cases of disseminated sclerosis. J Clin Neuroophthalmol. 1983; 3(3): 211-220.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Subei AM, Eggenberger ER. Optical coherence tomography: Another useful tool in a neuro-ophthalmologist’s armamentarium. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2009; 20(6): 462-466. doi: 10.1097/ICU.0b013e3283313d4e</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Subei AM, Eggenberger ER. Optical coherence tomography: Another useful tool in a neuro-ophthalmologist’s armamentarium. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2009; 20(6): 462-466. doi: 10.1097/ICU.0b013e3283313d4e</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leung CK, Cheung CY, Weinreb RN, Qiu Q, Liu S, Li H, et al. Retinal nerve fiber layer imaging with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography: A variability and diagnostic performance study. Ophthalmology. 2009; 116(7): 1257-1263, 1263.e1-1263.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2009.04.013</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leung CK, Cheung CY, Weinreb RN, Qiu Q, Liu S, Li H, et al. Retinal nerve fiber layer imaging with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography: A variability and diagnostic performance study. Ophthalmology. 2009; 116(7): 1257-1263, 1263.e1-1263.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2009.04.013</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sergott RC, Frohman E, Glanzman R, Al-Sabbagh A; OCT in MS Expert Panel. The role of optical coherence tomography in multiple sclerosis: Expert panel consensus. J Neurol Sci. 2007; 263(1-2): 3-14. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2007.05.024</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sergott RC, Frohman E, Glanzman R, Al-Sabbagh A; OCT in MS Expert Panel. The role of optical coherence tomography in multiple sclerosis: Expert panel consensus. J Neurol Sci. 2007; 263(1-2): 3-14. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2007.05.024</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jeanjean L, Castelnovo G, Carlander B, Villain M, Mura F, Dupeyron G, et al. Etude de la perte axonale optique en tomographie en cohérence optique (OCT) chez 15 patients atteints de sclérose en plaques et comparaison avec une population de té-moins appariés [Retinal atrophy using optical coherence tomography (OCT) in 15 patients with multiple sclerosis and comparison with healthy subjects]. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2008; 164(11): 927-934. (In French). doi: 10.1016/j.neurol.2008.03.008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jeanjean L, Castelnovo G, Carlander B, Villain M, Mura F, Dupeyron G, et al. Etude de la perte axonale optique en tomographie en cohérence optique (OCT) chez 15 patients atteints de sclérose en plaques et comparaison avec une population de té-moins appariés [Retinal atrophy using optical coherence tomography (OCT) in 15 patients with multiple sclerosis and comparison with healthy subjects]. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2008; 164(11): 927-934. (In French). doi: 10.1016/j.neurol.2008.03.008</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pula JH, Reder AT. Multiple sclerosis. Part I: Neuro-ophthalmic manifestations. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2009; 20(6): 467-475. doi: 10.1097/ICU.0b013e328331913b</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pula JH, Reder AT. Multiple sclerosis. Part I: Neuro-ophthalmic manifestations. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2009; 20(6): 467-475. doi: 10.1097/ICU.0b013e328331913b</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Frohman EM, Dwyer MG, Frohman T, Cox JL, Salter A, Greenberg BM, et al. Relationship of optic nerve and brain conventional and non-conventional MRI measures and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, as assessed by OCT and GDx: A pilot study. J Neurol Sci. 2009; 282(1-2): 96-105. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2009.04.010</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Frohman EM, Dwyer MG, Frohman T, Cox JL, Salter A, Greenberg BM, et al. Relationship of optic nerve and brain conventional and non-conventional MRI measures and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, as assessed by OCT and GDx: A pilot study. J Neurol Sci. 2009; 282(1-2): 96-105. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2009.04.010</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Garcia-Martin E, Ara JR, Martin J, Almarcegui C, Dolz I, Vilades E, et al. Retinal and optic nerve degeneration in patients with multiple sclerosis followed up for 5 years. Ophthalmology. 2017; 124(5): 688-696. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.01.005</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Garcia-Martin E, Ara JR, Martin J, Almarcegui C, Dolz I, Vilades E, et al. Retinal and optic nerve degeneration in patients with multiple sclerosis followed up for 5 years. Ophthalmology. 2017; 124(5): 688-696. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.01.005</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Soufi G, AitBenhaddou E, Hajji Z, Tazrout S, Benomar A, Soufi M, et al. Evaluation of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness measured by optical coherence tomography in Moroccan patients with multiple sclerosis. J Fr Ophtalmol. 2015; 38(6): 497-503. doi: 10.1016/j.jfo.2014.11.008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Soufi G, AitBenhaddou E, Hajji Z, Tazrout S, Benomar A, Soufi M, et al. Evaluation of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness measured by optical coherence tomography in Moroccan patients with multiple sclerosis. J Fr Ophtalmol. 2015; 38(6): 497-503. doi: 10.1016/j.jfo.2014.11.008</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pillay G, Ganger A, Singh D, Bhatia R, Sharma P, Menon V, et al. Retinal nerve fiber layer and ganglion cell layer changes on optical coherence tomography in early multiple sclerosis and optic neuritis cases. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2018; 66(1): 114-119. doi: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_539_17</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pillay G, Ganger A, Singh D, Bhatia R, Sharma P, Menon V, et al. Retinal nerve fiber layer and ganglion cell layer changes on optical coherence tomography in early multiple sclerosis and optic neuritis cases. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2018; 66(1): 114-119. doi: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_539_17</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fisher JB, Jacobs DA, Markowitz CE, Galetta SL, Volpe NJ, Nano-Schiavi ML, et al. Relation of visual function to retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in multiple sclerosis. Ophthalmology. 2006; 113(2): 324-332. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2005.10.040</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fisher JB, Jacobs DA, Markowitz CE, Galetta SL, Volpe NJ, Nano-Schiavi ML, et al. Relation of visual function to retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in multiple sclerosis. Ophthalmology. 2006; 113(2): 324-332. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2005.10.040</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Herrero R, Garcia-Martin E, Almarcegui C, Ara JR, Rodriguez-Mena D, Martin J, et al. Progressive degeneration of the retinal nerve fiber layer in patients with multiple sclerosis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012; 53(13): 8344-8349. doi: 10.1167/iovs.12-10362</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Herrero R, Garcia-Martin E, Almarcegui C, Ara JR, Rodriguez-Mena D, Martin J, et al. Progressive degeneration of the retinal nerve fiber layer in patients with multiple sclerosis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012; 53(13): 8344-8349. doi: 10.1167/iovs.12-10362</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Burkholder BM, Osborne B, Loguidice MJ, Bisker E, Frohman TC, Conger A, et al. Macular volume determined by optical coherence tomography as a measure of neuronal loss in multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol. 2009; 66(11): 1366-1372. doi: 10.1001/archneurol.2009.230</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Burkholder BM, Osborne B, Loguidice MJ, Bisker E, Frohman TC, Conger A, et al. Macular volume determined by optical coherence tomography as a measure of neuronal loss in multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol. 2009; 66(11): 1366-1372. doi: 10.1001/archneurol.2009.230</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ishikawa H, Stein DM, Wollstein G, Beaton S, Fujimoto JG, Schuman JS. Macular segmentation with optical coherence tomography. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005; 46(6): 2012-2017. doi: 10.1167/iovs.04-0335</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ishikawa H, Stein DM, Wollstein G, Beaton S, Fujimoto JG, Schuman JS. Macular segmentation with optical coherence tomography. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005; 46(6): 2012-2017. doi: 10.1167/iovs.04-0335</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wojtkowski M, Srinivasan V, Fujimoto JG, Ko T, Schuman JS, Kowalczyk A, et al. Three-dimensional retinal imaging with high-speed ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography. Ophthalmology. 2005; 112(10): 1734-1746. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2005.05.023</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wojtkowski M, Srinivasan V, Fujimoto JG, Ko T, Schuman JS, Kowalczyk A, et al. Three-dimensional retinal imaging with high-speed ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography. Ophthalmology. 2005; 112(10): 1734-1746. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2005.05.023</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schneider E, Zimmermann H, Oberwahrenbrock T, Kaufhold F, Kadas EM, Petzold A, et al. Optical coherence tomography reveals distinct patterns of retinal damage in neuromyelitis optica and multiple sclerosis. PLoS One. 2013; 8(6): e66151. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066151</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schneider E, Zimmermann H, Oberwahrenbrock T, Kaufhold F, Kadas EM, Petzold A, et al. Optical coherence tomography reveals distinct patterns of retinal damage in neuromyelitis optica and multiple sclerosis. PLoS One. 2013; 8(6): e66151. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066151</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
