actabiomedicaActa Biomedica ScientificaActa Biomedica Scientifica2541-94202587-9596Scientific Centre for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems10.29413/ABS.2021-6.2.13actabiomedica-2739Research ArticleОФТАЛЬМОЛОГИЯOPHTHALMOLOGYОсновы диабетического катарактогенеза и перспективные пути его фармакологической коррекцииFundamentals of Diabetic Cataractogenesis and Promising Ways of its Pharmacological CorrectionСпасовА. А.SpassovA. A.

доктор медицинских наук, профессор, академик РАН, заведующий кафедрой фармакологии и биоформатики, 

400131, г. Волгоград, пл. Павших Борцов, 1

Dr. Sc. (Med.), Professor, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Head of the Department of Pharmacology and Bioinformatics,

Pavshikh Bortsov square 1a, Volgograd 4001311

НауменкоЛ. В.NaumenkoL. V.

доктор медицинских наук, доцент, профессор кафедры фармакологии и биоформатики,

400131, г. Волгоград, пл. Павших Борцов, 1

Dr. Sc. (Med.), Docent, Professor at the Department of Pharmacology and Bioinformatics,

Pavshikh Bortsov square 1a, Volgograd 4001311

ГовороваЮ. А.GovorovaYu. A.

врач-офтальмолог, соискатель кафедры фармакологии и биоформатики, 

400131, г. Волгоград, пл. Павших Борцов, 1

Ophtalmologist, External Postgraduate Student at Department of Pharmacology and Bioinformatics,

Pavshikh Bortsov square 1a, Volgograd 4001311

j.govorova@yandex.ruФГБОУ ВО «Волгоградский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава РоссииVolgograd State Medical University20212206202162114125Copyright © Спасов А.А., Науменко Л.В., Говорова Ю.А., 20212021Спасов А.А., Науменко Л.В., Говорова Ю.А.Spassov A.A., Naumenko L.V., Govorova Y.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.actabiomedica.ru/jour/article/view/2739

Среди поздних осложнений сахарного диабета отдельно выделяется катаракта, приводящая к снижению зрительных функций и в дальнейшем – к слепоте. Несмотря на превалирование в настоящее время хирургии катаракты, которая при сахарном диабете сопровождается рядом ограничений и осложнений, продолжаются поиски эффективных средств консервативной терапии. В настоящем обзоре, выполненном на основе анализа данных научных источников преимущественно за 2015–2020 гг. c использованием Интернет-ресурсов (PubMed, Web of Science, Medline, eLibrary.ru, Cyberleninka), диабетический катарактогенез представлен как совокупность параллельных, но связанных и взаимовлияющих патобиохимических процессов, основными из которых являются избыточно интенсифицированные при сахарном диабете полиоловый путь превращения глюкозы, неферментативное гликирование и окислительная модификация хрусталиковых белков. Учитывая тот факт, что в хрусталике имеется высокое содержание белка, особое значение в появлении зон светорассеяния и снижения прозрачности хрусталика имеет формирование белковых агрегатов с высокой молекулярной массой. В обзоре подробно изложены данные о наиболее перспективных в эксперименте антикатарактальных соединениях, влияющих на посттрансляционную модификацию кристаллинов, препятствующих осмотическому и оксидативному стрессу в хрусталике и проявляющих антигликирующие свойства в отношении хрусталиковых белков. Эти данные наглядно подтверждают точку зрения о том, что поиск средств фармакологической коррекции катарактогенеза должен проводится, в первую очередь, среди соединений, обладающих антиоксидантной и антигликирующей активностью. 

Cataracts in diabetes mellitus lead to decreased visual function and blindness. Cataract surgery for diabetes mellitus has limitations and complications. The search for effective means of conservative cataract therapy continues. The review presents the analysis of data from scientific sources, mainly for 2015–2020 using Internet resources (PubMed, Web of Science, Medline, eLibrary.Ru, Cyberleninka). In the work, diabetic cataractogenesis is presented as a sum of interrelated pathobiochemical processes. The main ones are the polyol pathway of glucose conversion, non-enzymatic glycation and oxidative modification of lens proteins, which are enhanced in diabetes mellitus. The lens has a high protein content. The formation of high molecular weight protein aggregates is of particular importance for the appearance of light scattering zones and a decrease in lens transparency. This review presents data on anti-cataract compounds that affect post-translational crystallin modification, prevent osmotic and oxidative stress in the lens, and exhibit antiglycation properties. This information shows that the search for means of pharmacological correction of cataractogenesis should be carried out among compounds with antioxidant and antiglycation activity. 

сахарный диабеткатарактанеферментативное гликированиекристаллиныоксидативный стрессконечные продукты гликированияактивные кислородные метаболитыантигликирующее соединениеdiabetes mellituscataractnon-enzymatic glycationcrystallinsoxidative stressglycation end productsactive oxygen metabolitesantiglycation compoundReferencesŠimunović M, Paradžik M, Škrabić R, Unić I, Bućan K, Škrabić V. Cataract as early ocular complication in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Int J Endocrinol. 2018; 20: 6763586. doi: 10.1155/2018/6763586Šimunović M, Paradžik M, Škrabić R, Unić I, Bućan K, Škrabić V. Cataract as early ocular complication in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Int J Endocrinol. 2018; 20: 6763586. doi: 10.1155/2018/6763586Stefek M. Natural flavonoids as potential multifunctional agents in prevention of diabetic cataract. Interdiscip Toxicol. 2011; 4(2): 69-77. doi: 10.2478/v10102-011-0013-yStefek M. Natural flavonoids as potential multifunctional agents in prevention of diabetic cataract. Interdiscip Toxicol. 2011; 4(2): 69-77. doi: 10.2478/v10102-011-0013-yAbdelkader H, Longman M, Alany RG, Pierscionek B. On the anticataractogenic effects of L-carnosine: Is it best described as an antioxidant, metal-chelating agent or glycation inhibitor? Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2016; 16: 3240261. doi: 10.1155/2016/3240261Abdelkader H, Longman M, Alany RG, Pierscionek B. On the anticataractogenic effects of L-carnosine: Is it best described as an antioxidant, metal-chelating agent or glycation inhibitor? Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2016; 16: 3240261. doi: 10.1155/2016/3240261Mantych GJ, Hageman GS, Devaskar SU. Characterization of glucose transporter isoforms in the adult and developing human eye. Endocrinology. 1993; 133(2): 600-607. doi: 10.1210/endo.133.2.8344201Mantych GJ, Hageman GS, Devaskar SU. Characterization of glucose transporter isoforms in the adult and developing human eye. Endocrinology. 1993; 133(2): 600-607. doi: 10.1210/endo.133.2.8344201Королёва И.А. Метаболизм хрусталика: особенности и пути коррекции. РМЖ. Клиническая офтальмология. 2015; 4: 191-195.Korolyova IA. Lens metabolism: Features and ways of correction. RMZH. Klinicheskaya oftalmologiya. 2015; 4: 191-195. (In Russ.)Ji L, Cheng L, Yang Z. Diosgenin, a novel aldose reductase inhibitor, attenuates the galactosemic cataract in rats. J Diabetes Res. 2017; 5: 7309816. doi: 10.1155/2017/7309816Ji L, Cheng L, Yang Z. Diosgenin, a novel aldose reductase inhibitor, attenuates the galactosemic cataract in rats. J Diabetes Res. 2017; 5: 7309816. doi: 10.1155/2017/7309816Kiziltoprak H, Tekin K, Inanc M, Goker YS. Cataract in diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes. 2019; 10(3): 140-153. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v10.i3.140Kiziltoprak H, Tekin K, Inanc M, Goker YS. Cataract in diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes. 2019; 10(3): 140-153. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v10.i3.140Oishi N, Morikubo S, Takamura Y, Kubo E, Tsuzuki S, Tanimoto T, et al. Correlation between adult diabetic cataracts and red blood cell aldose reductase levels. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006; 47: 2061-2064. doi: 10.1167/iovs.05-1042Oishi N, Morikubo S, Takamura Y, Kubo E, Tsuzuki S, Tanimoto T, et al. Correlation between adult diabetic cataracts and red blood cell aldose reductase levels. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006; 47: 2061-2064. doi: 10.1167/iovs.05-1042Reddy AB, Tammali R, Mishra R, Srivastava S, Srivastava SK, Ramana KV. Aldose reductase deficiency protects sugar-induced lens opacification in rats. Chem Biol Interact. 2011; 191(1-3): 346- 350. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2011.02.028Reddy AB, Tammali R, Mishra R, Srivastava S, Srivastava SK, Ramana KV. Aldose reductase deficiency protects sugar-induced lens opacification in rats. Chem Biol Interact. 2011; 191(1-3): 346- 350. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2011.02.028Zukin LM, Pedler MG, Groman-Lupa S, Pantcheva M, Ammar DA, Petrash JM. Aldose reductase inhibition prevents development of posterior capsular opacification in an in vivo model of cataract surgery. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2018; 59(8): 3591-3598. doi: 10.1167/iovs.18-23935Zukin LM, Pedler MG, Groman-Lupa S, Pantcheva M, Ammar DA, Petrash JM. Aldose reductase inhibition prevents development of posterior capsular opacification in an in vivo model of cataract surgery. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2018; 59(8): 3591-3598. doi: 10.1167/iovs.18-23935Wojnar W, Kaczmarczyk-Sedlak I, Zych M. Diosmin ameliorates the effects of oxidative stress in lenses of streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic rats. Pharmacol Rep. 2017; 69(5): 995-1000. doi: 10.1016/j.pharep.2017.04.005Wojnar W, Kaczmarczyk-Sedlak I, Zych M. Diosmin ameliorates the effects of oxidative stress in lenses of streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic rats. Pharmacol Rep. 2017; 69(5): 995-1000. doi: 10.1016/j.pharep.2017.04.005Lim JC, Umapathy A, Grey AC, Vaghefi E, Donaldson PJ. Novel roles for the lens in preserving overall ocular health. Exp Eye Res. 2017; (156): 117-123. doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.05.027Lim JC, Umapathy A, Grey AC, Vaghefi E, Donaldson PJ. Novel roles for the lens in preserving overall ocular health. Exp Eye Res. 2017; (156): 117-123. doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.05.027Chang KC, Laffin B, Ponder J, Enzsöly A, Németh J, LaBarbera DV, et al. Beta-glucogallin reduces the expression of lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory markers by inhibition of aldose reductase in murine macrophages and ocular tissues. Chem Biol Interact. 2013; 202(1-3): 283-287. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2012.12.001Chang KC, Laffin B, Ponder J, Enzsöly A, Németh J, LaBarbera DV, et al. Beta-glucogallin reduces the expression of lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory markers by inhibition of aldose reductase in murine macrophages and ocular tissues. Chem Biol Interact. 2013; 202(1-3): 283-287. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2012.12.001Vinson JA. Oxidative stress in cataracts. Pathophysiology. 2006; 13(3): 151-162. doi: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2006.05.006Vinson JA. Oxidative stress in cataracts. Pathophysiology. 2006; 13(3): 151-162. doi: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2006.05.006Zhu L, Li J, Wu D, Li B. The protective effect of beta-casomorphin-7 via promoting Foxo1 activity and nuclear translocation in human lens epithelial cells. Cutan Ocul Toxicol. 2018; 37(3): 267- 274. doi: 10.1080/15569527.2018.1445095Zhu L, Li J, Wu D, Li B. The protective effect of beta-casomorphin-7 via promoting Foxo1 activity and nuclear translocation in human lens epithelial cells. Cutan Ocul Toxicol. 2018; 37(3): 267- 274. doi: 10.1080/15569527.2018.1445095Муранов К.О., Островский М.А. Молекулярная физиология и патология хрусталика глаза. М.: Торус-Пресс; 2013: 295.Muranov K.O., Ostrovskij M.A. Molecular physiology and pathology of the eye lens. Moscow: Torus-Press; 2013: 295. (In Russ.)Giacco F, Brownlee M. Oxidative stress and diabetic complications. Circ Res. 2010; 107(9): 1058-1070.Giacco F, Brownlee M. Oxidative stress and diabetic complications. Circ Res. 2010; 107(9): 1058-1070.Мальцев Е.В., Павлюченко К.П. Биологические особенности и заболевания хрусталика. Одесса: Астропринт; 2002: 448.Malcev E.V., Pavlyuchenko K.P. Biological features and diseases of the lens: A monograph. Odessa: Astroprint; 2002: 448. (In Russ.)Horwitz J. Alpha-crystallin. Exp Eye Res. 2003; 76: 145-153. doi: 10.1016/S0014-4835(02)00278-6Horwitz J. Alpha-crystallin. Exp Eye Res. 2003; 76: 145-153. doi: 10.1016/S0014-4835(02)00278-6Kumar PA, Kumar MS, Reddy GB. Effect of glycation on alpha-crystallin structure and chaperone-like function. Biochem J. 2007; 408(2): 251-258. doi: 10.1042/BJ20070989Kumar PA, Kumar MS, Reddy GB. Effect of glycation on alpha-crystallin structure and chaperone-like function. Biochem J. 2007; 408(2): 251-258. doi: 10.1042/BJ20070989Ghosh KS, Chauhan P. Crystallins and their complexes. Subcell Biochem. 2019; 93: 439-460. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-28151-9_14Ghosh KS, Chauhan P. Crystallins and their complexes. Subcell Biochem. 2019; 93: 439-460. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-28151-9_14Higashi Y, Higashi K, Mori A, Sakamoto K, Ishii K, Nakahara T. Anti-cataract effect of resveratrol in high-glucose-treated streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Biol Pharm Bull. 2018; 41(10): 1586-1592. doi: 10.1248/bpb.b18-00328Higashi Y, Higashi K, Mori A, Sakamoto K, Ishii K, Nakahara T. Anti-cataract effect of resveratrol in high-glucose-treated streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Biol Pharm Bull. 2018; 41(10): 1586-1592. doi: 10.1248/bpb.b18-00328Simpanya MF, Ansari RR, Suh KI, Leverenz VR, Giblin FJ. Aggregation of lens crystallins in an in vivo hyperbaric oxygen guinea pigmodel of nuclear cataract: Dynamic light-scattering and HPLC analysis. Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci. 2005; 46: 4641-4650. doi: 10.1167/iovs.05-0843Simpanya MF, Ansari RR, Suh KI, Leverenz VR, Giblin FJ. Aggregation of lens crystallins in an in vivo hyperbaric oxygen guinea pigmodel of nuclear cataract: Dynamic light-scattering and HPLC analysis. Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci. 2005; 46: 4641- 4650. doi: 10.1167/iovs.05-0843Takemoto L, Sorensen CM. Protein-protein interactions and lens transparency. Exp Eye Res. 2008; 87: 496-501.Takemoto L, Sorensen CM. Protein-protein interactions and lens transparency. Exp Eye Res. 2008; 87: 496-501.Alghamdi AHS, Mohamed H, Sledge SM, Borchman D. Absorbance and light scattering of lenses organ cultured with glucose. Curr Eye Res. 2018; 43(10): 1233-1238. doi: 10.1080/027136 83.2018.1485953Alghamdi AHS, Mohamed H, Sledge SM, Borchman D. Absorbance and light scattering of lenses organ cultured with glucose. Curr Eye Res. 2018; 43(10): 1233-1238. doi: 10.1080/02713683.2018.1485953Kaczmarczyk-Sedlak I, Folwarczna J, Sedlak L, Zych M, Wojnar W, Szumińska I, et al. Effect of caffeine on biomarkers of oxidative stress in lenses of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Arch Med Sci. 2019; 15(4): 1073-1080. doi: 10.5114/aoms.2019.85461Kaczmarczyk-Sedlak I, Folwarczna J, Sedlak L, Zych M, Wojnar W, Szumińska I, et al. Effect of caffeine on biomarkers of oxidative stress in lenses of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Arch Med Sci. 2019; 15(4): 1073-1080. doi: 10.5114/aoms.2019.85461Kianpour M, Yousefi R. Carnosine prevents different structural damages induced by methylglyoxal in lens crystallins. Cell Biochem Biophys. 2019; 77(4): 343-355. doi: 10.1007/s12013-019-00884-3Kianpour M, Yousefi R. Carnosine prevents different structural damages induced by methylglyoxal in lens crystallins. Cell Biochem Biophys. 2019; 77(4): 343-355. doi: 10.1007/s12013-019-00884-3Papadopoulou G, Zisimopoulos D, Kalaitzopoulou E, Makri OΕ, Tsapardoni FN, Georgakopoulos CD, et al. Age-related aqueous humor (AH) and lens epithelial cell/capsule protein carbonylation and AH protein concentration in cataract patients who have pseudoexfoliative diseases. Mol Vis. 2018; 24: 890-901.Papadopoulou G, Zisimopoulos D, Kalaitzopoulou E, Makri OΕ, Tsapardoni FN, Georgakopoulos CD, et al. Age-related aqueous humor (AH) and lens epithelial cell/capsule protein carbonylation and AH protein concentration in cataract patients who have pseudoexfoliative diseases. Mol Vis. 2018; 24: 890-901.Nagaraj RH, Linetsky M, Stitt AW. The pathogenic role of Maillard reaction in the aging eye. Amino Acids. 2012; 42(4): 1205-1220. doi: 10.1007/s00726-010-0778-xNagaraj RH, Linetsky M, Stitt AW. The pathogenic role of Maillard reaction in the aging eye. Amino Acids. 2012; 42(4): 1205-1220. doi: 10.1007/s00726-010-0778-xBrings S, Fleming T, Freichel M, Muckenthaler MU, Herzig S, Nawroth PP. Dicarbonyls and advanced glycation end-products in the development of diabetic complications and targets for intervention. Int J Mol Sci. 2017; 18(5): 984. doi: 10.3390/ijms18050984Brings S, Fleming T, Freichel M, Muckenthaler MU, Herzig S, Nawroth PP. Dicarbonyls and advanced glycation end-products in the development of diabetic complications and targets for intervention. Int J Mol Sci. 2017; 18(5): 984. doi: 10.3390/ijms18050984Bejarano E, Taylor A. Too sweet: Problems of protein glycation in the eye. Exp Eye Res. 2019; 178: 255-262. doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.08.017Bejarano E, Taylor A. Too sweet: Problems of protein glycation in the eye. Exp Eye Res. 2019; 178: 255-262. doi: 10.1016/j. exer.2018.08.017Franke S, Dawczynski J, Strobel J, Niwa T, Stahl P, Stein G. Increased levels of advanced glycation end products in human cataractous lenses. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2003; 29(5): 998-1004. doi: 10.1016/s0886-3350(02)01841-2Franke S, Dawczynski J, Strobel J, Niwa T, Stahl P, Stein G. Increased levels of advanced glycation end products in human cataractous lenses. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2003; 29(5): 998-1004. doi: 10.1016/s0886-3350(02)01841-2Pehlivanoğlu S, Acar N, Albayrak S, Karakaya M, Ofluoğlu A. The assessment of autofluorescence of the crystalline lens in diabetic patients and healthy controls: Can it be used as a screening test? Clin Ophthalmol. 2018; 12: 1163-1170. doi: 10.2147/OPTH.S164960Pehlivanoğlu S, Acar N, Albayrak S, Karakaya M, Ofluoğlu A. The assessment of autofluorescence of the crystalline lens in diabetic patients and healthy controls: Can it be used as a screening test? Clin Ophthalmol. 2018; 12: 1163-1170. doi: 10.2147/OPTH. S164960Wautier MP, Chappey O, Corda S, Stern DM, Schmidt AM, Wautier JL. Activation of NADPH oxidase by AGE links oxidant stress to altered gene expression via RAGE. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2001; 280(5): 685. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.2001.280.5.E685Wautier MP, Chappey O, Corda S, Stern DM, Schmidt AM, Wautier JL. Activation of NADPH oxidase by AGE links oxidant stress to altered gene expression via RAGE. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2001; 280(5): 685. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.2001.280.5.E685Gul A, Rahman MA, Hasnain SN, Salim A, Simjee SU. Could oxidative stress associate with age products in cataractogenesis? Curr Eye Res. 2008; 33(8): 669-675. doi: 10.1080/02713680802250939Gul A, Rahman MA, Hasnain SN, Salim A, Simjee SU. Could oxidative stress associate with age products in cataractogenesis? Curr Eye Res. 2008; 33(8): 669-675. doi: 10.1080/02713680802250939Kyselova Z, Stefek M, Bauer V. Pharmacological prevention of diabetic cataract. J Diabetes Compl. 2004; 18: 129-140. doi: 10.1016/S1056-8727(03)00009-6Kyselova Z, Stefek M, Bauer V. Pharmacological prevention of diabetic cataract. J Diabetes Compl. 2004; 18: 129-140. doi: 10.1016/S1056-8727(03)00009-6Su S, Leng F, Guan L, Zhang L, Ge J, Wang C, et al. Differential proteomic analyses of cataracts from rat models of type 1 and 2 diabetes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014; 55(12): 7848-7861. doi: 10.1167/iovs.14-15175Su S, Leng F, Guan L, Zhang L, Ge J, Wang C, et al. Differential proteomic analyses of cataracts from rat models of type 1 and 2 diabetes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014; 55(12): 7848-7861. doi: 10.1167/iovs.14-15175Patil KK, Meshram RJ, Barage SH, Gacche RN. Dietary flavonoids inhibit the glycation of lens proteins: Implications in the management of diabetic cataract. 3 Biotech. 2019; 9(2): 47. doi: 10.1007/s13205-019-1581-3Patil KK, Meshram RJ, Barage SH, Gacche RN. Dietary flavonoids inhibit the glycation of lens proteins: Implications in the management of diabetic cataract. 3 Biotech. 2019; 9(2): 47. doi: 10.1007/s13205-019-1581-3Horwitz J. Alpha-crystallin can function as a molecular chaperone. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1992; 89(21): 10449-10453. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.21Horwitz J. Alpha-crystallin can function as a molecular chaperone. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1992; 89(21): 10449-10453. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.21Selivanova OM, Galzitskaya OV. Structural and functional peculiarities of α-crystallin. Biology (Basel). 2020; 9(4): 85. doi: 10.3390/biology9040085Selivanova OM, Galzitskaya OV. Structural and functional peculiarities of α-crystallin. Biology (Basel). 2020; 9(4): 85. doi: 10.3390/biology9040085Kumar MS, Reddy PY, Kumar PA, Surolia I, Reddy GB. Effect of dicarbonyl-induced browning on alpha-crystallin chaperone-like activity: Physiological significance and caveats of in vitro aggregation assays. Biochem J. 2004; 379(Pt 2): 273-282. doi: 10.1042/BJ20031633Kumar MS, Reddy PY, Kumar PA, Surolia I, Reddy GB. Effect of dicarbonyl-induced browning on alpha-crystallin chaperone-like activity: Physiological significance and caveats of in vitro aggregation assays. Biochem J. 2004; 379(Pt 2): 273-282. doi: 10.1042/BJ20031633Reddy VS, Reddy GB. Role of crystallins in diabetic complications. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2016; 1860(1 Pt B): 269-277. doi: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.05.009Reddy VS, Reddy GB. Role of crystallins in diabetic complications. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2016; 1860(1 Pt B): 269-277. doi: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.05.009Bahmani F, Bathaie SZ, Aldavood SJ, Ghahghaei A. Inhibitory effect of crocin(s) on lens α-crystallin glycation and aggregation, results in the decrease of the risk of diabetic cataract. Molecules. 2016; 21(2): 143. doi: 10.3390/molecules21020143Bahmani F, Bathaie SZ, Aldavood SJ, Ghahghaei A. Inhibitory effect of crocin(s) on lens α-crystallin glycation and aggregation, results in the decrease of the risk of diabetic cataract. Molecules. 2016; 21(2): 143. doi: 10.3390/molecules21020143Karumanchi DK, Gaillard ER, Dillon J. Early diagnosis of diabetes through the eye. Photochem Photobiol. 2015; 91(6): 1497-1504. doi: 10.1111/php.12524Karumanchi DK, Gaillard ER, Dillon J. Early diagnosis of diabetes through the eye. Photochem Photobiol. 2015; 91(6): 1497-1504. doi: 10.1111/php.12524Li X, Liu W, Huang X, Xiong J, Wei X. Interaction of AR and iNOS in lens epithelial cell: A new pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets of diabetic cataract. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2017; 615: 44-52. doi: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.01.007Li X, Liu W, Huang X, Xiong J, Wei X. Interaction of AR and iNOS in lens epithelial cell: A new pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets of diabetic cataract. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2017; 615: 44-52. doi: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.01.007Kim J, Kim CS, Sohn E, Kim H, Jeong IH, Kim JS. Lens epithelial cell apoptosis initiates diabetic cataractogenesis in the Zucker diabetic fatty rat. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2010; 248(6): 811-818. doi: 10.1007/s00417-010-1313-1Kim J, Kim CS, Sohn E, Kim H, Jeong IH, Kim JS. Lens epithelial cell apoptosis initiates diabetic cataractogenesis in the Zucker diabetic fatty rat. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2010; 248(6): 811-818. doi: 10.1007/s00417-010-1313-1Ghahramani M, Yousefi R, Khoshaman K, Alavianmehr MM. The impact of calcium ion on structure and aggregation propensity of peroxynitrite-modified lens crystallins: New insights into the pathogenesis of cataract disorders. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2015; 125: 170-180. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.11.002Ghahramani M, Yousefi R, Khoshaman K, Alavianmehr MM. The impact of calcium ion on structure and aggregation propensity of peroxynitrite-modified lens crystallins: New insights into the pathogenesis of cataract disorders. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2015; 125: 170-180. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.11.002De Maria A, Zhao H, Bassnett S. Expression of potassium-dependent sodium-calcium exchanger in the murine lens. Exp Eye Res. 2018; 167: 18-24. doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2017.11.002De Maria A, Zhao H, Bassnett S. Expression of potassium-dependent sodium-calcium exchanger in the murine lens. Exp Eye Res. 2018; 167: 18-24. doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2017.11.002Rhodes JD, Sanderson J. The mechanisms of calcium homeostasis and signalling in the lens. Exp Eye Res. 2009; 88(2): 226-234. doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2008.10.025Rhodes JD, Sanderson J. The mechanisms of calcium homeostasis and signalling in the lens. Exp Eye Res. 2009; 88(2): 226-234. doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2008.10.025del Valle LJ, Escribano C, Pérez JJ, Garriga P. Calcium-induced decrease of the thermal stability and chaperone activity of alpha-crystallin. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2002; 1601(1): 100-109. doi: 10.1016/s1570-9639(02)00429-6del Valle LJ, Escribano C, Pérez JJ, Garriga P. Calcium-induced decrease of the thermal stability and chaperone activity of alpha-crystallin. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2002; 1601(1): 100-109. doi: 10.1016/s1570-9639(02)00429-6Duncan G, Jacob TJ. Calcium and the physiology of cataract. Ciba Found Symp. 1984; 106: 132-152. doi: 10.1002/9780470720875.ch8Duncan G, Jacob TJ. Calcium and the physiology of cataract. Ciba Found Symp. 1984; 106: 132-152. doi: 10.1002/9780470720875.ch8Shridas P, Sharma Y, Balasubramanian D. Transglutaminase-mediated crosslinking of a crystallin: Structural and functional consequence. FEBS Lett. 2001; 499: 245-250.Shridas P, Sharma Y, Balasubramanian D. Transglutaminase-mediated crosslinking of a crystallin: Structural and functional consequence. FEBS Lett. 2001; 499: 245-250.Zm SZ, Khoshaman K, Masoudi R, Hemmateenejad B, Yousefi R. The structural alteration and aggregation propensity of glycated lens crystallins in the presence of calcium: Importance of lens calcium homeostasis in development of diabetic cataracts. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2017; 170: 174-183. doi: 10.1016/j.saa.2016.07.017Zm SZ, Khoshaman K, Masoudi R, Hemmateenejad B, Yousefi R. The structural alteration and aggregation propensity of glycated lens crystallins in the presence of calcium: Importance of lens calcium homeostasis in development of diabetic cataracts. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2017; 170: 174-183. doi: 10.1016/j.saa.2016.07.017Truscott RJ. Age-related nuclear cataract-oxidation is the key. Exp Eye Res. 2005; 80(5): 709-725. doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2004.12.007Truscott RJ. Age-related nuclear cataract-oxidation is the key. Exp Eye Res. 2005; 80(5): 709-725. doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2004.12.007Wang F, Ma J, Han F, Guo X, Meng L, Sun Y, et al. DL-3-n-butylphthalide delays the onset and progression of diabetic cataract by inhibiting oxidative stress in rat diabetic model. Sci Rep. 2016; 6: 19396. doi: 10.1038/srep19396Wang F, Ma J, Han F, Guo X, Meng L, Sun Y, et al. DL-3-n-butylphthalide delays the onset and progression of diabetic cataract by inhibiting oxidative stress in rat diabetic model. Sci Rep. 2016; 6: 19396. doi: 10.1038/srep19396Periyasamy P, Masahiko A, Rajan E, Toshimichi S. Promoter demethylation of Keap1 gene in human diabetic cataractous lenses. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2012; 423: 542-548.Periyasamy P, Masahiko A, Rajan E, Toshimichi S. Promoter demethylation of Keap1 gene in human diabetic cataractous lenses. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2012; 423: 542-548.Khorsand M, Akmali M, Sharzad S, Beheshtitabar M. Melatonin reduces cataract formation and aldose reductase activity in lenses of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. Iran J Med Sci. 2016; 41(4): 305-313.Khorsand M, Akmali M, Sharzad S, Beheshtitabar M. Melatonin reduces cataract formation and aldose reductase activity in lenses of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. Iran J Med Sci. 2016; 41(4): 305-313.Lange RR, Lima L, Frühvald E, da Silva VS, de Souza AS, Montiani-Ferreira F. Cataracts and strabismus associated with hand rearing using artificial milk formulas in Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris spp tigris) cubs. Open Vet J. 2017; 7(1): 23-31. doi: 10.4314/ovj.v7i1.4Lange RR, Lima L, Frühvald E, da Silva VS, de Souza AS, Montiani-Ferreira F. Cataracts and strabismus associated with hand rearing using artificial milk formulas in Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris spp tigris) cubs. Open Vet J. 2017; 7(1): 23-31. doi: 10.4314/ovj.v7i1.4Hansen SH. The role of taurine in diabetes and the development of diabetic complications. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2001; 17(5): 330-346. doi: 10.1002/dmrr.229Hansen SH. The role of taurine in diabetes and the development of diabetic complications. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2001; 17(5): 330-346. doi: 10.1002/dmrr.229Malone JI, Benford SA, Malone J Jr. Taurine prevents galactose-induced cataracts. J Diabetes Complications. 1993; 7(1): 44-48. doi: 10.1016/1056-8727(93)90023-rMalone JI, Benford SA, Malone J Jr. Taurine prevents galactose-induced cataracts. J Diabetes Complications. 1993; 7(1): 44-48. doi: 10.1016/1056-8727(93)90023-rHsu YW, Yeh SM, Chen YY, Chen YC, Lin SL, Tseng JK. Protective effects of taurine against alloxan-induced diabetic cataracts and refraction changes in New Zealand White rabbits. Exp Eye Res. 2012; 103: 71-77. doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2012.08.001Hsu YW, Yeh SM, Chen YY, Chen YC, Lin SL, Tseng JK. Protective effects of taurine against alloxan-induced diabetic cataracts and refraction changes in New Zealand White rabbits. Exp Eye Res. 2012; 103: 71-77. doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2012.08.001Bulakh PM, Chandorkar AG, Balsara JJ, Ranade SM, Albal MV. Effect of ‘catalin’ an anticataract agent on alloxan induced hyperglycaemia and diabetic cataract in rats. Indian J Ophthalmol. 1980; 28: 1-3. URL: https://www.ijo.in/text.asp?1980/28/1/1/31036Bulakh PM, Chandorkar AG, Balsara JJ, Ranade SM, Albal MV. Effect of ‘catalin’ an anticataract agent on alloxan induced hyperglycaemia and diabetic cataract in rats. Indian J Ophthalmol. 1980; 28: 1-3. URL: https://www.ijo.in/text.asp?1980/28/1/1/31036Son HY, Kim H, H Kwon Y. Taurine prevents oxidative damage of high glucose-induced cataractogenesis in isolated rat lenses. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2007; 53(4): 324-330. doi: 10.3177/jnsv.53.324Son HY, Kim H, H Kwon Y. Taurine prevents oxidative damage of high glucose-induced cataractogenesis in isolated rat lenses. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2007; 53(4): 324-330. doi: 10.3177/jnsv.53.324Kilic F, Bhardwaj R, Caulfeild J, Trevithick JR. Modelling cortical cataractogenesis 22: Is in vitro reduction of damage in model diabetic rat cataract by taurine due to its antioxidant activity? Exp Eye Res. 1999; 69(3): 291-300. doi: 10.1006/exer.1999.0697Kilic F, Bhardwaj R, Caulfeild J, Trevithick JR. Modelling cortical cataractogenesis 22: Is in vitro reduction of damage in model diabetic rat cataract by taurine due to its antioxidant activity? Exp Eye Res. 1999; 69(3): 291-300. doi: 10.1006/exer.1999.0697Официальная инструкция по применению препарата Каталин. URL: https://www.rlsnet.ru/tn_index_id_1689.htm 66. Евграфов В.Ю., Батманов Ю.Е. Катаракта. М.: Медицина; 2005: 364.Official instructions for the use of the Katalin. URL: https://www.rlsnet.ru/tn_index_id_1689.htm. (In Russ.)Офтальмология. Национальное руководство. Под ред. Аветисова С.Э., Егорова Е.А., Мошетовой Л.К., Нероева В.В., Тахчиди Х.П. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа; 2019: 904.Evgrafov VYu, Batmanov YuЕ. Cataract. Мoscow: Medicina; 2005: 364. (In Russ.) 67. Ophthalmology. National leadership. (Eds) Avetisov SE, Egorov EA, Moshetova LK, Neroev VV, Tahchidi HP. Мoscow: GEOTAR-Media; 2019: 904. (In Russ.)Wu J, Li X, Wan W, Yang Q, Ma W, Chen D, et al. Gigantol from Dendrobium chrysotoxum Lindl. binds and inhibits aldose reductase gene to exert its anti-cataract activity: An in vitro mechanistic study. J Ethnopharmacol. 2017; 198: 255-261. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.01.026Wu J, Li X, Wan W, Yang Q, Ma W, Chen D, et al. Gigantol from Dendrobium chrysotoxum Lindl. binds and inhibits aldose reductase gene to exert its anti-cataract activity: An in vitro mechanistic study. J Ethnopharmacol. 2017; 198: 255-261. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.01.026Patil KK, Gacche RN. Inhibition of glycation and aldose reductase activity using dietary flavonoids: A lens organ culture studies. Int J Biol Macromol. 2017; 98: 730-738. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.01.129Patil KK, Gacche RN. Inhibition of glycation and aldose reductase activity using dietary flavonoids: A lens organ culture studies. Int J Biol Macromol. 2017; 98: 730-738. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.01.129Kilari EK, Putta S. Delayed progression of diabetic cataractogenesis and retinopathy by Litchi chinensis in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Cutan Ocul Txicol. 2017; 36(1): 52-59. doi: 10.3109/15569527.2016.1144610Kilari EK, Putta S. Delayed progression of diabetic cataractogenesis and retinopathy by Litchi chinensis in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Cutan Ocul Txicol. 2017; 36(1): 52-59. doi: 10.3109/15569527.2016.1144610Lou H, Yao J, Sun Y, Sun H, Song Z, Li H, et al. Role of blueberry anthocyanin extract in the expression of SIRT1 and NF-κB in rat lens epithelial cells in experimentally induced DM. Curr Eye Res. 2020; 12: 1-7. doi: 10.1080/02713683.2020.1776879Lou H, Yao J, Sun Y, Sun H, Song Z, Li H, et al. Role of blueberry anthocyanin extract in the expression of SIRT1 and NF-κB in rat lens epithelial cells in experimentally induced DM. Curr Eye Res. 2020; 12: 1-7. doi: 10.1080/02713683.2020.1776879Zhou Y, Li L, Li S, Li S, Zhao M, Zhou Q, et al. Autoregenerative redox nanoparticles as an antioxidant and glycation inhibitor for palliation of diabetic cataracts. Nanoscale. 2019; 11(27): 13126- 13138. doi: 10.1039/c9nr02350jZhou Y, Li L, Li S, Li S, Zhao M, Zhou Q, et al. Autoregenerative redox nanoparticles as an antioxidant and glycation inhibitor for palliation of diabetic cataracts. Nanoscale. 2019; 11(27): 13126- 13138. doi: 10.1039/c9nr02350jBai J, Yu N, Mu H, Dong L, Zhang X. Histidine protects human lens epithelial cells against H2 O2-induced oxidative stress injury through the NF-кB pathway. J Cell Biochem. 2018; 119(2): 1637-1645. doi: 10.1002/jcb.26323Bai J, Yu N, Mu H, Dong L, Zhang X. Histidine protects human lens epithelial cells against H2 O2 -induced oxidative stress injury through the NF-кB pathway. J Cell Biochem. 2018; 119(2): 1637-1645. doi: 10.1002/jcb.26323Zhang D, Li M. Puerarin prevents cataract development and progression in diabetic rats through Nrf2/HO-1 signaling. Mol Med Rep. 2019; 20(2): 1017-1024. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10320Zhang D, Li M. Puerarin prevents cataract development and progression in diabetic rats through Nrf2/HO-1 signaling. Mol Med Rep. 2019; 20(2): 1017-1024. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10320Shree J, Choudhary R, Bodakhe SH. Losartan delays the progression of streptozotocin-induced diabetic cataracts in albino rats. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2019; 33(8): 22342. doi: 10.1002/jbt.22342Shree J, Choudhary R, Bodakhe SH. Losartan delays the progression of streptozotocin-induced diabetic cataracts in albino rats. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2019; 33(8): 22342. doi: 10.1002/jbt.22342Matsuda S, Sugawa H, Shirakawa JI, Ohno RI, Kinoshita S, Ichimaru K, et al. Aphanothece sacrum (Sur.) Okada prevents cataractogenesis in type 1 diabetic mice. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2017; 63(4): 263-268. doi: 10.3177/jnsv.63.263Matsuda S, Sugawa H, Shirakawa JI, Ohno RI, Kinoshita S, Ichimaru K, et al. Aphanothece sacrum (Sur.) Okada prevents cataractogenesis in type 1 diabetic mice. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2017; 63(4): 263-268. doi: 10.3177/jnsv.63.263Savateev KV, Fedotov VV, Butorin I, Eltsov OS, Slepukhin PA, Ulomsky EN, et al. Nitrothiadiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidines as promising antiglycating agents. EurJ Med Chem. 2020; 185: 111808. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111808Savateev KV, Fedotov VV, Butorin I, Eltsov OS, Slepukhin PA, Ulomsky EN, et al. Nitrothiadiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidines as promising antiglycating agents. Eur J Med Chem. 2020; 185: 111808. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111808Yan H, Guo Y, Zhang J, Ding Z, Ha W, Harding JJ. Effect of carnosine, aminoguanidine, and aspirin drops on the prevention of cataracts in diabetic rats. Mol Vis. 2008; 14: 2282-2291.Yan H, Guo Y, Zhang J, Ding Z, Ha W, Harding JJ. Effect of carnosine, aminoguanidine, and aspirin drops on the prevention of cataracts in diabetic rats. Mol Vis. 2008; 14: 2282-2291.Abdel-Ghaffar A, Ghanem HM, Ahmed EK, Hassanin OA, Mohamed RG. Ursodeoxycholic acid suppresses the formation of fructose/streptozotocin-induced diabetic cataract in rats. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2018; 32(6): 627-640. doi: 10.1111/fcp.12385Abdel-Ghaffar A, Ghanem HM, Ahmed EK, Hassanin OA, Mohamed RG. Ursodeoxycholic acid suppresses the formation of fructose/streptozotocin-induced diabetic cataract in rats. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2018; 32(6): 627-640. doi: 10.1111/fcp.12385Bahmani F, Bathaie SZ, Aldavood SJ, Ghahghaei A. Prevention of α-crystallin glycation and aggregation using l-lysine results in the inhibition of in vitro catalase heat-induced-aggregation and suppression of cataract formation in the diabetic rat. IntJ Biol Macromol. 2019; 132: 1200-1207. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.037Bahmani F, Bathaie SZ, Aldavood SJ, Ghahghaei A. Prevention of α-crystallin glycation and aggregation using l-lysine results in the inhibition of in vitro catalase heat-induced-aggregation and suppression of cataract formation in the diabetic rat. Int J Biol Macromol. 2019; 132: 1200-1207. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.037

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.