<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">actabiomedica</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Acta Biomedica Scientifica</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Acta Biomedica Scientifica</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2541-9420</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-9596</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Centre for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29413/ABS.2019-4.1.11</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">actabiomedica-1981</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПСИХОЛОГИЯ И ПСИХИАТРИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Препараты лития в психиатрии, наркологии и неврологии (к 70-летию открытия Джона Кейда). Часть I. Историческая</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Lithium Preparations in Psychiatry, Addiction Medicine and Neurology (To the 70th Anniversary of John Cade’s Discovery). Part I. History</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0773-3405</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Беккер</surname><given-names>Р. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bekker</surname><given-names>Roman A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Беккер Роман Александрович – программист, инженер-математик, магистр в области компьютерных наук, исследователь лаборатории автономных роботов, факультет электроники и компьютерных наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Programmer, Computer Engineer, Magister of Computer Science, Research Officer at the Laboratory of Autonomous Security Systems (Robotics), Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rbekker1@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4705-3823</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Быков</surname><given-names>Ю. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bykov</surname><given-names>Yuriy V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Быков Юрий Витальевич – кандидат медицинских наук, врач анестезиолог-реаниматолог, врач психиатр-нарколог, ассистент кафедры анестезиологии, реаниматологии и скорой медицинской помощи педиатрического факультета</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sc. (Med.), Anesthesiologist, Psychiatrist, Narcologist, Teaching Assistant at the Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Emergency Medicine of the Pediatric Faculty</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yubykov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Университет им. Давида Бен-Гуриона в Негеве</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ben-Gurion University of the Negev</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Ставропольский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Stavropol State Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>03</day><month>04</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>4</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>72</fpage><lpage>80</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Беккер Р.А., Быков Ю.В., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Беккер Р.А., Быков Ю.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bekker R.A., Bykov Y.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.actabiomedica.ru/jour/article/view/1981">https://www.actabiomedica.ru/jour/article/view/1981</self-uri><abstract><p>Применение солей лития в психиатрии имеет давнюю, более чем двухтысячелетнюю историю. Оно восходит к идеям Гиппократа II, Галена и Сорана Эфесского о целесообразности применения минеральных вод определённых источников, которые, как мы сегодня знаем, были богаты солями лития, магния и брома, для лечения маниакальных и депрессивных состояний. Позднее этот эффект солей лития был повторно открыт – независимо друг от друга – в середине 19-го века американским психиатром Уильямом Александром Хэммондом и датским психиатром Карлом Ланге. Однако из-за того, что это открытие базировалось на неверных научных предпосылках, а именно на теории «мозгового мочекислого диатеза» как причины психических заболеваний, оно было не принято или проигнорировано и даже осмеяно коллегами. Переоткрытие антиманиакального эффекта солей лития Джоном Кейдом в 1948 году относится к числу крупнейших открытий психиатрии XX века.</p><p>Механизмы антидепрессивного, антиманиакального и профилактического нормотимического действия лития чрезвычайно сложны, многообразны и до конца не изучены по сей день. Первоначально Джон Кейд предположил, что этот эффект лития связан с дефицитом его в организме больных с биполярным аффективным расстройством и с компенсацией этого дефицита или с неким врождённым нарушением обмена лития, при котором больным требуются более высокие его суточные дозы, чем здоровым. Однако уже вскоре было показано, что это не так.</p><p>Несмотря на появление значительного количества альтернативных нормотимиков, таких как вальпроаты, карбамазепин, ламотриджин, некоторые атипичные антипсихотики, литий сохраняет актуальность в психиатрии по сей день. Особую актуальность применению лития в психиатрии придаёт сравнительно недавнее обнаружение у него специфической антисуицидальной активности, а также обнаружение того факта, что литий является не только лекарственным препаратом, но и важным для организма микроэлементом.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The use of lithium salts in psychiatry has a long, more than two-thousand-year history. It goes back to the ideas of Hippocrates II, Galen and Soran of Ephesus regarding the feasibility of using mineral waters from certain sources, which, as we know today, were rich in lithium, magnesium and bromine salts, for the treatment of both manic and depressive states. Later, this effect of lithium salts was rediscovered – independently of each other – in the mid-19th century by the American psychiatrist William Alexander Hammond and the Danish psychiatrist Carl Lange. However, since this discovery was based on incorrect premises, namely, on the theory of «brain urine acid diathesis» as the cause of mental illness, it was not accepted, ignored and even ridiculed by colleagues. The rediscovery of the anti-manic effect of lithium salts by John Cade in 1948 is one of the greatest discoveries of psychiatry of the 20th century.</p><p>The mechanisms of lithium therapeutic action are complex, diverse and not fully understood to this day. Initially, John Cade suggested that this effect of lithium is associated with its deficiency in patients with bipolar disorder and that exogenous lithium aids in compensation of such deficiency, or that patients with bipolar disorder suffer from some congenital disorder of lithium metabolism, thus requiring higher daily lithium doses than healthy people. However, it was soon shown that this was not the case.</p><p>Despite the emergence of a significant number of alternative mood stabilizers, lithium remains relevant in psychiatry to this day.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>литий</kwd><kwd>мания</kwd><kwd>депрессия</kwd><kwd>биполярное аффективное расстройство</kwd><kwd>история психиатрии</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>lithium</kwd><kwd>mania</kwd><kwd>major depression</kwd><kwd>bipolar affective disorder</kwd><kwd>history of psychiatry</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Birch NJ. (Ed.). Lithium and the cell: pharmacology and biochemistry. Academic Press; 2012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Birch NJ. (Ed.). Lithium and the cell: pharmacology and biochemistry. Academic Press; 2012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Greenwood NN, Earnshaw A. Chemistry of the elements. Elsevier; 2012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Greenwood NN, Earnshaw A. Chemistry of the elements. Elsevier; 2012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Williams RB, Harwood AJ. Lithium metallotherapeutics. In: Gielen M, Tiekink ERT (eds.). Metallotherapeutic drugs and metalbased diagnostic agents: the use of metals in medicine. John Wiley &amp; Sons; 2005: 1-18.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Williams RB, Harwood AJ. Lithium metallotherapeutics. In: Gielen M, Tiekink ERT (eds.). Metallotherapeutic drugs and metalbased diagnostic agents: the use of metals in medicine. John Wiley &amp; Sons; 2005: 1-18.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Haynes WM. CRC handbook of chemistry and physics; 95th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press; 2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Haynes WM. CRC handbook of chemistry and physics; 95th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press; 2014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Doongaji DR, Jathar VS, Satoskar RS. Manic depressive psychosis in India and the possible role of lithium as a natural prophylactic. I – Hypothesis. J Postgrad Med. 1980; 26(1): 34-38.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Doongaji DR, Jathar VS, Satoskar RS. Manic depressive psychosis in India and the possible role of lithium as a natural prophylactic. I – Hypothesis. J Postgrad Med. 1980; 26(1): 34-38.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kline NS. The history of lithium usage in psychiatry. A lecture in APA meeting, Boston; 1968.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kline NS. The history of lithium usage in psychiatry. A lecture in APA meeting, Boston; 1968.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Broder H. Old Bad Pfäfers and its Paracelsus memorial. Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax, 1994; 83(13): 385-388.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Broder H. Old Bad Pfäfers and its Paracelsus memorial. Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax, 1994; 83(13): 385-388.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bycroft M. Iatrochemistry and the evaluation of mineral waters in France, 1600-1750. Bull Hist Med. 2017; 91(2): 303-330. doi: 10.1353/bhm.2017.0028.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bycroft M. Iatrochemistry and the evaluation of mineral waters in France, 1600-1750. Bull Hist Med. 2017; 91(2): 303-330. doi: 10.1353/bhm.2017.0028.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schadewaldt H. Paracelsus and balneology. Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax. 1994; 83(13): 371-376.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schadewaldt H. Paracelsus and balneology. Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax. 1994; 83(13): 371-376.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Agricola G. De Re Metallica. Transl. by Hoover HC, Hoover LH. New York: Dover Publications; 1950.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Agricola G. De Re Metallica. Transl. by Hoover HC, Hoover LH. New York: Dover Publications; 1950.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jesserer H, Clodi P, Hitzenberger G, Honetz N, Kotzaurek R. Clinical experiences with iodine-containing mineral water treatment in Bad Hall; report on results achieved during 5 years in the Internal Medicine Division of the Paracelsus Institute. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 1957; 69(46): 874-879.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jesserer H, Clodi P, Hitzenberger G, Honetz N, Kotzaurek R. Clinical experiences with iodine-containing mineral water treatment in Bad Hall; report on results achieved during 5 years in the Internal Medicine Division of the Paracelsus Institute. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 1957; 69(46): 874-879.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">D’Andrada J. Des caractères et des propriétés de plusieurs nouveaux minéraux de Suède et de Norvège, avec quelques observations chimiques faites sur ces substances. Journal de Chimie et de Physique. 1800; 51; 239-245.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">D’Andrada J. Des caractères et des propriétés de plusieurs nouveaux minéraux de Suède et de Norvège, avec quelques observations chimiques faites sur ces substances. Journal de Chimie et de Physique. 1800; 51; 239-245.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Emsley J. Nature’s building blocks: an AZ guide to the elements. Oxford University Press; 2011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Emsley J. Nature’s building blocks: an AZ guide to the elements. Oxford University Press; 2011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Weeks M. Discovery of the Elements. Whitefish, Montana, United States: Kessinger Publishing; 2003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Weeks M. Discovery of the Elements. Whitefish, Montana, United States: Kessinger Publishing; 2003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berzelius J. Ein neues mineralisches Alkali und ein neues Metall. Journal für Chemie und Physik. 1817; 21: 44-48.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berzelius J. Ein neues mineralisches Alkali und ein neues Metall. Journal für Chemie und Physik. 1817; 21: 44-48.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sapse AM, Schleyer PR. (Eds.). Lithium chemistry: a theoretical and experimental overview. John Wiley and Sons; 1995.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sapse AM, Schleyer PR. (Eds.). Lithium chemistry: a theoretical and experimental overview. John Wiley and Sons; 1995.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krebs RE. The history and use of our earth’s chemical elements: a reference guide; 2nd ed. Westport, CT and London: Greenwood Publishing Group; 2006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krebs RE. The history and use of our earth’s chemical elements: a reference guide; 2nd ed. Westport, CT and London: Greenwood Publishing Group; 2006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ar fwedson A. Undersökning af några vid Utö Jernmalmsbrott förekommende Fossilier, och af ett deri funnet eget Eldfast Alkali. Afhandlingar i Fysik, Kemi och Mineralogi. 1818; 6: 145-172.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ar fwedson A. Undersökning af några vid Utö Jernmalmsbrott förekommende Fossilier, och af ett deri funnet eget Eldfast Alkali. Afhandlingar i Fysik, Kemi och Mineralogi. 1818; 6: 145-172.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arfwedson A. Untersuchung einiger bei der EisenGrube von Utö vorkommenden Fossilien und von einem darin gefundenen neuen feuerfesten Alkali. Journal für Chemie und Physik. 1818; 22(1): 93-117.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arfwedson A. Untersuchung einiger bei der EisenGrube von Utö vorkommenden Fossilien und von einem darin gefundenen neuen feuerfesten Alkali. Journal für Chemie und Physik. 1818; 22(1): 93-117.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gmelin CG. Von dem Lithon. Annalen der Physik. 1818; 59(7): 238-241.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gmelin CG. Von dem Lithon. Annalen der Physik. 1818; 59(7): 238-241.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brande WT. A Manual of chemistry; 2nd ed. London, England: John Murray; 1821; 2: 57-58.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brande WT. A Manual of chemistry; 2nd ed. London, England: John Murray; 1821; 2: 57-58.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Enghag P. Encyclopedia of the elements: technical datahistory-processing-applications. John Wiley and Sons; 2004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Enghag P. Encyclopedia of the elements: technical datahistory-processing-applications. John Wiley and Sons; 2004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brande WT, MacNeven WJ. A manual of chemistry: Containing the principal facts of the science, arranged in the order in which they are discussed and illustrated in the lectures at the Royal Institution of Great Britain. Ulan Press; 2012 (reprint of 1826).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brande WT, MacNeven WJ. A manual of chemistry: Containing the principal facts of the science, arranged in the order in which they are discussed and illustrated in the lectures at the Royal Institution of Great Britain. Ulan Press; 2012 (reprint of 1826).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bunsen R. Darstellung des lithiums. Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie.1855; 94(1): 107-111.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bunsen R. Darstellung des lithiums. Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie.1855; 94(1): 107-111.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schioldann J. “On periodical depressions and their pathogenesis” by Carl Lange (1886). Hist Psychiatry. 2011; 22(85 Pt 1): 108-130. doi: 10.1177/0957154X10396807</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schioldann J. “On periodical depressions and their pathogenesis” by Carl Lange (1886). Hist Psychiatry. 2011; 22(85 Pt 1): 108-130. doi: 10.1177/0957154X10396807</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Felber W. Lithium prevention of depression 100 years ago--an ingenious misconception. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr. 1987; 55(5): 141-144. doI: 10.1055/s-2007-1001816</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Felber W. Lithium prevention of depression 100 years ago--an ingenious misconception. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr. 1987; 55(5): 141-144. doI: 10.1055/s-2007-1001816</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hammond WA. A treatise on the diseases of the nervous system. United States: Palala Press; 2015 (reprint of 1881).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hammond WA. A treatise on the diseases of the nervous system. United States: Palala Press; 2015 (reprint of 1881).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yeragani VK, Gershon S. Hammond and lithium: Historical update. Biol Psychiatry. 1986; 21(11): 1101-1102. doi: 10.1016/0006- 3223(86)90296-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yeragani VK, Gershon S. Hammond and lithium: Historical update. Biol Psychiatry. 1986; 21(11): 1101-1102. doi: 10.1016/0006- 3223(86)90296-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schroeder-Lein GR. Hammond WA. Schroeder-Lein GR. (eds.) The encyclopedia of civil war medicine. Routledge; 2015: 149-185.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schroeder-Lein GR. Hammond WA. Schroeder-Lein GR. (eds.) The encyclopedia of civil war medicine. Routledge; 2015: 149-185.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eigenmann F, Bürgi H. Lithium acetate, a useful and well tolerated thyrostatic for selected cases of hyperthyroidism. Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 1978; 108(47): 1850-1853.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eigenmann F, Bürgi H. Lithium acetate, a useful and well tolerated thyrostatic for selected cases of hyperthyroidism. Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 1978; 108(47): 1850-1853.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Männistö P, Koivisto V. Antidiabetic effects of lithium. Lancet. 1972; 2(7785): 1031. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(72)92444-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Männistö P, Koivisto V. Antidiabetic effects of lithium. Lancet. 1972; 2(7785): 1031. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(72)92444-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mellerup ET, Plenge P, Vendsborg P, Rafaelsen OJ, Kjeldsen H, Agerbaek H. Antidiabetic effects of lithium. Lancet. 1972; 300(7791): 1367-1368. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(72)92811-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mellerup ET, Plenge P, Vendsborg P, Rafaelsen OJ, Kjeldsen H, Agerbaek H. Antidiabetic effects of lithium. Lancet. 1972; 300(7791): 1367-1368. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(72)92811-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saran AS. Antidiabetic effects of lithium. J Clin Psychiatry. 1982; 43(9): 383-384.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saran AS. Antidiabetic effects of lithium. J Clin Psychiatry. 1982; 43(9): 383-384.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gupta RC, Robinson WA, Smyth CJ. Efficacy of lithium in rheumatoid arthritis with granulocytopenia (Felty’s syndrome). Arthritis Rheum. 1975; 18(2): 179-184. doi: 10.1002/ art.1780180217</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gupta RC, Robinson WA, Smyth CJ. Efficacy of lithium in rheumatoid arthritis with granulocytopenia (Felty’s syndrome). Arthritis Rheum. 1975; 18(2): 179-184. doi: 10.1002/ art.1780180217</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Olfson M. Lithium-responsive schizophrenia and rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Psychiatry. 1988; 145(11): 1478-1479. doi: 10.1176/ajp.145.11.1478a</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Olfson M. Lithium-responsive schizophrenia and rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Psychiatry. 1988; 145(11): 1478-1479. doi: 10.1176/ajp.145.11.1478a</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cole N, Parker G. Cade’s identification of lithium for manic-depressive illness – the prospector who found a gold nugget. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2012; 200(12): 1101-1104. doi: 10.1097/ NMD.0b013e318275d3cb</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cole N, Parker G. Cade’s identification of lithium for manic-depressive illness – the prospector who found a gold nugget. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2012; 200(12): 1101-1104. doi: 10.1097/ NMD.0b013e318275d3cb</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mitchell PB, Hadzi-Pavlovic D. John Cade and the discovery of lithium treatment for manic depressive illness. Med J Aust.1999; 171(5): 262-264.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mitchell PB, Hadzi-Pavlovic D. John Cade and the discovery of lithium treatment for manic depressive illness. Med J Aust.1999; 171(5): 262-264.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Burrows GD, Tiller JW. Cade’s observation of the antimanic effect of lithium and early Australian research. Aust NZ J Psychiatry. 1999; 33: S27-S31. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1614.1999.00665.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Burrows GD, Tiller JW. Cade’s observation of the antimanic effect of lithium and early Australian research. Aust NZ J Psychiatry. 1999; 33: S27-S31. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1614.1999.00665.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Parker G. John Cade. Am J Psychiatry. 2012; 169(2): 125- 126. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11111697</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Parker G. John Cade. Am J Psychiatry. 2012; 169(2): 125- 126. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11111697</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Walter G. John Cade and lithium. Psychiatr Serv. 1999; 50(7): 969. doi: 10.1176/ps.50.7.969</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Walter G. John Cade and lithium. Psychiatr Serv. 1999; 50(7): 969. doi: 10.1176/ps.50.7.969</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shorter E. The history of lithium therapy. Bipolar Disord. 2009; 11(Suppl 2): 4-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2009.00706.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shorter E. The history of lithium therapy. Bipolar Disord. 2009; 11(Suppl 2): 4-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2009.00706.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gallicchio VS, Bach RO. Lithium and cell physiology. Springer-Verlag; 2011 (reprint of 1990).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gallicchio VS, Bach RO. Lithium and cell physiology. Springer-Verlag; 2011 (reprint of 1990).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gershon S. (ed.). Lithium: its role in psychiatric research and treatment. Springer Science and Business Media; 2012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gershon S. (ed.). Lithium: its role in psychiatric research and treatment. Springer Science and Business Media; 2012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schou M. Lithium treatment of mood disorders: a practical guide; 6th rev. ed. Karger; 2004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schou M. Lithium treatment of mood disorders: a practical guide; 6th rev. ed. Karger; 2004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Malhi GS, Berk M. Is the safety of lithium no longer in the balance? Lancet. 2012; 379(9817): 690-692. doi: 10.1016/S0140- 6736(11)61703-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malhi GS, Berk M. Is the safety of lithium no longer in the balance? Lancet. 2012; 379(9817): 690-692. doi: 10.1016/S0140- 6736(11)61703-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sadock BJ, Sadock VA, Ruiz P. Kaplan and Sadock’s comprehensive textbook of psychiatry; 10th ed. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sadock BJ, Sadock VA, Ruiz P. Kaplan and Sadock’s comprehensive textbook of psychiatry; 10th ed. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
