actabiomedicaActa Biomedica ScientificaActa Biomedica Scientifica2541-94202587-9596Scientific Centre for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems10.29413/ABS.2019-4.1.3actabiomedica-1973Research ArticleВНУТРЕННИЕ БОЛЕЗНИINTERNAL DISEASESПитание и кишечная микробиота при ожирении: региональные и этнические аспекты (обзор литературы)Obesity: Ethnic and Regional Differences in the Diet and Gut Microbiota (Review)https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9353-7928НовиковаЕ. А.NovikovaEvgeniya A.

Новикова Евгения Анатольевна – аспирант

Postgraduate

europe411@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3704-830XБаироваТ. А.BairovaTatyana A.

Баирова Татьяна Ананьевна – доктор медицинских наук, руководитель лаборатории персонализированной медицины

Dr. Sc. (Med.), Head of the Laboratory of Personalized Medicine

tbairova38@mail.ruФГБНУ «Научный центр проблем здоровья семьи и репродукции человека»Scientific Centre of Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems201902042019411925Copyright © Новикова Е.А., Баирова Т.А., 20192019Новикова Е.А., Баирова Т.А.Novikova E.A., Bairova T.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.actabiomedica.ru/jour/article/view/1973

В статье представлены современные данные о роли питания в изменении микробного биоразнообразия кишечника и развитии ожирения. В современных экономических условиях происходят изменения социо-экономического и социокультурного статусов населения планеты, определяя изменение традиционного стереотипа питания с доминированием «западного» типа питания, характеризующегося потреблением продуктов с высокой калорийностью, высоким содержанием добавленных сахаров, насыщенных жиров, соли и более предрасполагающего к развитию избыточной массы тела и ожирения. Это подтверждают результаты анализа межэтнических и внутриэтнических различий питания в распространённости ожирения среди разных популяций мира. Исторически сложившийся стереотип питания разных народов, в том числе малых этнических групп, определяет специфический спектр кишечной микробиоты и микробиома. В условиях глобализации, миграции и урбанизации населения происходит изменение рациона питания без должной адаптации микробиома кишечника. Изменённая дисбиотичная кишечная микробиота влечёт за собой метаболические нарушения, в том числе развитие ожирения. В статье представлена динамика распространённости ожирения среди взрослого населения разных стран, показаны этнические особенности частоты встречаемости ожирения, представлены данные о составе микробиоты в зависимости от типа питания, национальности и расовой принадлежности, указана среднесуточная калорийность питания для представителей разных стран.

Problems of obesity, nutrition and microbiota are discussed in this review. In a world of constant economic and cultural changes traditional diet is being replaced by western diet, rich in free sugars, saturated fats, salt, and characterized by increased average daily dietary energy consumption intake. Such «western-style» diet is associated with high weight gain, leading to metabolic disorders, namely diet-related obesity, which is rapidly increasing globally. The impact of ethnicity to the development of obesity as inter-ethnic and intra-ethnic differences in dietary habits is showed. Dietary habits of different countries, including ethnic minorities, provide a specific pattern of gut microbiota and microbiome. In the context of globalization, international migration and rapid urbanization, changes in dietary habits occurred without proper adaptation of gut microbiota. Gut microbiota plays the fundamental role in regulation and pathogenesis of metabolic disorders due to making metabolites for normal human development, therefore gut microbiota dysbiosis may lead to metabolic dysfunction, including obesity. The review shows actual worldwide data of evolution of adult obesity over time, dietary energy consumption in different country and different climatic regions. It analyzes changes in gut microbiota composition depending on traditional or western diet, and on nationality and race.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.